EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA with Correct Solutions 2024/2025

EXAM 3 NURS 5315 UTA with Correct Solutions 2024 Pulmonar Disease - Answer -*classified into 2 broad categories -restrictive vs obstructive - infectious vs non-infectious Restrictive disorders - Answer -*unable to breath air in * these ppl have low lung volumes on PFTs *lung volumes are the amount of air the lungs contain at a given time during ventilation. *Examples= aspirations, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and pulmonar edema Obstructive disorders - Answer -*unable to exhale the air that has been inhaled * have high volumes on PFTs * Examples= asthma and COPD Infectious Disorders - Answer -* Pneumonia and TB Non-infectious pulmonary disorder - Answer -pulmonar fibosis, lung cancer, and pulmonary hypertension Acute Respiratory Failure - Answer -* 2 main types= hypoxemia and hypercapnia * may result from direct injury * may be triggered by an injury or dysfunction to one or more body systems or organs * may occur post-operatively secondary to anesthesia or narcotics * in either case the main dysfunction is an impairment in diffusion which result in low oxygen levels or retained CO2 * most pulmonary diseases can cause respiratory failure as can brain or spinal cord injuries Hypoxemia respiratory failure - Answer -* PaO2 less than or equal to 50mmHg * from inadequate diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries * disorder examples= pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolus, and pneumoniaHypercapnic respiratory failure - Answer -* PaCO2 greater than or equal to 50mmHg * from inadequate alveolar ventilation * cause= depression of respiratory function from meds, abnormal spinal cord, disorders of the medulla, disease of neuromuscular junction, chest wall injury, COPD, and obstruction or large airways. Pneumothorax - Answer -* presence of air or gas in the pleural space * air may press against the lungs and cause the lung to collapse * 2 main types= spontaneous and secondary * clinical manifestations= sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, and HYPPEROSANCE TO PERCUSSION Spontaneous pneumothorax - Answer -* occurs in males 20-40 years of age that are tall and thin * may occur in bleb ruptures in ppl with emphysema * smoking increases the risk * bleb ruptures may be at rest or exercise and in the apexes * may be a genetic component or family history Secondary pneumothorax - Answer -* caused by trauma * tension pneumothorax occurs when air becomes trapped and can't escape * site of injury acts as a one way valve only letting air in * pt may experiene a complete lung collapse * signs are a deviated trachea, shortness of breath, and hypotension Pulmonary Edema - Answer -* accumulation of water in the pulmonary alveolar sacs * prevents proper exchange of gas * leads to dyspnea, chest pain, and hypoxia * may have orthopnea or paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea * pulmonary edema is most commonly caused by left sided heart failure * LSHF the blood backs up into the lungs and increases the capillary hydrostatic pressure, this pushes fluid into the alveolar sacs