STUDYSAGE
NR507- Advanced
Pathophysiology |COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE WITH UPDATED
ANSWERS|GET IT RIGHT
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
SUCCESS
,STUDYSAGE
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔C ️ hronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is
a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
SUCCESS
, STUDYSAGE
Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
SUCCESS
NR507- Advanced
Pathophysiology |COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE WITH UPDATED
ANSWERS|GET IT RIGHT
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
SUCCESS
,STUDYSAGE
Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔C ️ hronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is
a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely
dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for
dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
SUCCESS
, STUDYSAGE
Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS✔️✔️Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
SUCCESS
