NR566 Final Exam
Terms in this set (184)
Common adverse effects of H1 antagonists include
What are the common
drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and blurred vision. These
adverse effects of H1
side effects are typically mild and subside with continued
antagonists (antihistamines)?
use.
Selection depends on the drug's sedative effects. First-
What factors influence the
generation H1 antagonists are sedating, while second-
selection of an H1
generation ones are non-sedating. Patient age, conditions
antagonist?
(e.g., pregnancy, glaucoma), and side effect profiles also
guide choice.
H1 antagonists are used to treat allergic disorders (e.g.,
Indication for H1 antagonists
seasonal rhinitis, urticaria), motion sickness, and insomnia.
H1 antagonists like diphenhydramine and pyrilamine are
How are H1 antagonists used as used in OTC sleep aids to induce drowsiness. However, the
sleep aids? doses in OTC products are often too low to be fully effective
for treating insomnia.
Infants: Use only under provider care, especially for sedation risk (6+
months).
Children: Avoid OTC cold remedies under 4 years old; use
What are the lifespan pediatric formulations as prescribed.
considerations for H1 Adolescents: OTC cold and allergy meds are generally safe
antagonists? for those 12 and older. Pregnant/Breastfeeding: Second-
generation antihistamines preferred; avoid unless necessary.
Older Adults: Avoid sedating antihistamines and
decongestants in those with cardiac or glaucoma issues;
adjust doses for age-related changes.
What is the main difference First-generation H1 antagonists are highly sedating, while
between first- generation second-generation H1 antagonists are non-sedating.
and second-generation H1
antagonists?
Which drug class is fexofenadine second generation H1 antagonists
in?
What food and drug interactions Fruit juices (e.g., apple, orange, grapefruit) can reduce
should be considered with fexofenadine absorption, lowering its effectiveness. Avoid
fexofenadine (Allegra)? these juices 4 hours before or 1-2 hours after dosing.
, Glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and
histamine, reducing the local inflammatory response in
What is the mechanism of
rhinitis. They help manage symptoms, but are not used for
action of glucocorticoids in
severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. First- and
treating rhinitis?
second-generation intranasal glucocorticoids are similarly
effective, with second-generation agents (e.g.,
fluticasone) less likely to be systemically absorbed.
Glucocorticoids bind to intracellular receptors, altering
How do glucocorticoids work
gene activity to reduce inflammation and immune
and what are their effects?
responses. They increase blood glucose, suppress protein
synthesis, and promote fat breakdown
What are the main Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.
pharmacological effects of
high-dose
glucocorticoids?
How do glucocorticoids By inhibiting chemical mediators (e.g., prostaglandins,
suppress inflammation? histamine) and suppressing lymphocyte and phagocyte
activity.
Osteoporosis, infection risk, hyperglycemia, myopathy,
What are common adverse
fluid/electrolyte disturbances, growth delay, psychologic
effects of long- term
disturbances, cataracts, peptic ulcers, iatrogenic Cushing
glucocorticoid use? (11)
syndrome, and adrenal suppression.
Glucocorticoids control symptoms of allergic reactions like
How do glucocorticoids
allergic rhinitis and bee stings (inflammation, swelling,
manage allergic reactions?
itching, and redness) but are not effective for severe
reactions like anaphylaxis, where epinephrine is
preferred.
What are intranasal They are used to prevent and treat seasonal and
glucocorticoids used for in perennial rhinitis by reducing symptoms like congestion,
allergic rhinitis rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching in 90% of patients.
management?
What additional interventions Using a topical decongestant (oxymetazoline (Afrin))
can improve the response to before intranasal glucocorticoid administration can improve
intranasal glucocorticoids in the response, especially if nasal congestion is present.
allergic rhinitis?
What are the common Drying of the nasal mucosa, burning or itching sensation, sore
adverse effects of intranasal throat, epistaxis (nosebleeds), and headache.
glucocorticoids?
What are the major systemic Adrenal suppression and slowing of linear growth in children.
concerns with intranasal
glucocorticoids?
, What are the main indications for Prevention and treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
intranasal glucocorticoids?
What are the indications for Prophylactic treatment of allergic rhinitis, primarily to
intranasal cromolyn prevent symptoms by suppressing histamine
sodium? release from mast cells.
What are the primary Nasal congestion due to allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and common colds.
indications for they only relieve nasal congestion, not rhinorrhea, sneezing, or
sympathomimetics itching
(decongestants)?
Rebound congestion (with topical use), CNS stimulation
What are the main adverse
(restlessness, anxiety, insomnia with oral use), cardiovascular
effects of
effects (vasoconstriction), and potential for abuse
sympathomimetics?
(especially with pseudoephedrine).
Sympathomimetics reduce nasal congestion by activating
What do sympathomimetics do α1-adrenergic receptors on nasal blood vessels, causing
and how do they work? vasoconstriction, reducing swelling, and promoting nasal
drainage. They relieve congestion in conditions like allergic
rhinitis, sinusitis, and colds.
Dextromethorphan is used as an over-the-counter cough
What are the primary uses of
suppressant for treating nonproductive cough. It is also
dextromethorphan?
shown to have mild analgesic effects and can enhance
opioid analgesia when combined with opioids.
What is the mechanism of Montelukast blocks leukotriene receptors, preventing
action of montelukast? leukotrienes from causing nasal congestion by promoting
vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability.
Montelukast is used for asthma, and for seasonal and
What are the indications for
montelukast? perennial allergic rhinitis to relieve nasal congestion.
Terms in this set (184)
Common adverse effects of H1 antagonists include
What are the common
drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and blurred vision. These
adverse effects of H1
side effects are typically mild and subside with continued
antagonists (antihistamines)?
use.
Selection depends on the drug's sedative effects. First-
What factors influence the
generation H1 antagonists are sedating, while second-
selection of an H1
generation ones are non-sedating. Patient age, conditions
antagonist?
(e.g., pregnancy, glaucoma), and side effect profiles also
guide choice.
H1 antagonists are used to treat allergic disorders (e.g.,
Indication for H1 antagonists
seasonal rhinitis, urticaria), motion sickness, and insomnia.
H1 antagonists like diphenhydramine and pyrilamine are
How are H1 antagonists used as used in OTC sleep aids to induce drowsiness. However, the
sleep aids? doses in OTC products are often too low to be fully effective
for treating insomnia.
Infants: Use only under provider care, especially for sedation risk (6+
months).
Children: Avoid OTC cold remedies under 4 years old; use
What are the lifespan pediatric formulations as prescribed.
considerations for H1 Adolescents: OTC cold and allergy meds are generally safe
antagonists? for those 12 and older. Pregnant/Breastfeeding: Second-
generation antihistamines preferred; avoid unless necessary.
Older Adults: Avoid sedating antihistamines and
decongestants in those with cardiac or glaucoma issues;
adjust doses for age-related changes.
What is the main difference First-generation H1 antagonists are highly sedating, while
between first- generation second-generation H1 antagonists are non-sedating.
and second-generation H1
antagonists?
Which drug class is fexofenadine second generation H1 antagonists
in?
What food and drug interactions Fruit juices (e.g., apple, orange, grapefruit) can reduce
should be considered with fexofenadine absorption, lowering its effectiveness. Avoid
fexofenadine (Allegra)? these juices 4 hours before or 1-2 hours after dosing.
, Glucocorticoids inhibit prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and
histamine, reducing the local inflammatory response in
What is the mechanism of
rhinitis. They help manage symptoms, but are not used for
action of glucocorticoids in
severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. First- and
treating rhinitis?
second-generation intranasal glucocorticoids are similarly
effective, with second-generation agents (e.g.,
fluticasone) less likely to be systemically absorbed.
Glucocorticoids bind to intracellular receptors, altering
How do glucocorticoids work
gene activity to reduce inflammation and immune
and what are their effects?
responses. They increase blood glucose, suppress protein
synthesis, and promote fat breakdown
What are the main Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.
pharmacological effects of
high-dose
glucocorticoids?
How do glucocorticoids By inhibiting chemical mediators (e.g., prostaglandins,
suppress inflammation? histamine) and suppressing lymphocyte and phagocyte
activity.
Osteoporosis, infection risk, hyperglycemia, myopathy,
What are common adverse
fluid/electrolyte disturbances, growth delay, psychologic
effects of long- term
disturbances, cataracts, peptic ulcers, iatrogenic Cushing
glucocorticoid use? (11)
syndrome, and adrenal suppression.
Glucocorticoids control symptoms of allergic reactions like
How do glucocorticoids
allergic rhinitis and bee stings (inflammation, swelling,
manage allergic reactions?
itching, and redness) but are not effective for severe
reactions like anaphylaxis, where epinephrine is
preferred.
What are intranasal They are used to prevent and treat seasonal and
glucocorticoids used for in perennial rhinitis by reducing symptoms like congestion,
allergic rhinitis rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching in 90% of patients.
management?
What additional interventions Using a topical decongestant (oxymetazoline (Afrin))
can improve the response to before intranasal glucocorticoid administration can improve
intranasal glucocorticoids in the response, especially if nasal congestion is present.
allergic rhinitis?
What are the common Drying of the nasal mucosa, burning or itching sensation, sore
adverse effects of intranasal throat, epistaxis (nosebleeds), and headache.
glucocorticoids?
What are the major systemic Adrenal suppression and slowing of linear growth in children.
concerns with intranasal
glucocorticoids?
, What are the main indications for Prevention and treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
intranasal glucocorticoids?
What are the indications for Prophylactic treatment of allergic rhinitis, primarily to
intranasal cromolyn prevent symptoms by suppressing histamine
sodium? release from mast cells.
What are the primary Nasal congestion due to allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and common colds.
indications for they only relieve nasal congestion, not rhinorrhea, sneezing, or
sympathomimetics itching
(decongestants)?
Rebound congestion (with topical use), CNS stimulation
What are the main adverse
(restlessness, anxiety, insomnia with oral use), cardiovascular
effects of
effects (vasoconstriction), and potential for abuse
sympathomimetics?
(especially with pseudoephedrine).
Sympathomimetics reduce nasal congestion by activating
What do sympathomimetics do α1-adrenergic receptors on nasal blood vessels, causing
and how do they work? vasoconstriction, reducing swelling, and promoting nasal
drainage. They relieve congestion in conditions like allergic
rhinitis, sinusitis, and colds.
Dextromethorphan is used as an over-the-counter cough
What are the primary uses of
suppressant for treating nonproductive cough. It is also
dextromethorphan?
shown to have mild analgesic effects and can enhance
opioid analgesia when combined with opioids.
What is the mechanism of Montelukast blocks leukotriene receptors, preventing
action of montelukast? leukotrienes from causing nasal congestion by promoting
vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability.
Montelukast is used for asthma, and for seasonal and
What are the indications for
montelukast? perennial allergic rhinitis to relieve nasal congestion.
