NR565 Midterm
NPs with full practice authority can conduct evaluations,
what does full practice
diagnose, order and interpret test, initiate and manage
authority allow NPs to do?
treatments and prescribe medication and controlled
substances without physician oversight
NPs with reduced practice authority must have a regulated
what are the limitations of
collaborative agreement with another healthcare provider
reduced practice authority for
which may restrict at least one aspect of their
NPs?
practice
NPs with restricted practice authority require supervision, delegation,
What does restricted practice
or team
authority entail for NPs? management by another healthcare provider to deliver care,
restricting at least one element of their practice
fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches
What is bioavailability?
systemic circulation and is critical in determining dosage
for oral versus IV administration
half-life is the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a
what is half-life in
pharmacokinetics? drug to reduce to half its original value, crucial for
determining dosing frequency
the first pass effect refers to the significant reduction in drug
What is the first pass effect? concentration after metabolism in the liver before it reaches
systemic circulation, impacting oral drug bioavailability
How does plasma protein drugs that bind to plasma proteins, mainly albumin, can
binding affect drug have reduced free drug levels in the blood, affecting
distribution? distribution and therapeutic effects
What does clearance measure clearance measures the efficiency with which a drug is removed from
in pharmacokinetics? the body
substances foreign to the body, including medications, that
What is xenobiotics?
can introduce adverse effects depending on their absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion
What is drug absorption? the process by which a drug moves from its administration site into the
bloodstream
after entering the bloodstream, a drug must be distributed to
How does drug distribution
occur? sites of action throughout the body via the vascular
system
, drug metabolism involves chemically altering drugs for
What happens during drug
metabolism? therapeutic use and transforming them into components
more easily excreted by the body
What is drug excretion? process of removing drugs and their metabolites from the body
how do genetic variants affect genetic variants can alter the activity of CYP450 enzymes,
drug metabolism? influencing how drugs are metabolized
-GFR
what are some physiological
-altered hepatic metabolism
changes during pregnancy
-decreased bowl tone
that affect drug
-variations in body water and fat content
pharmacokinetics? (4)
How does drug absorption differ neonates experience slower and more erratic absorption of
in IM medications, and altered gastric emptying affects oral
neonates compared to older drug absorption
children?
provides guidelines to improve medication safety in older
What is the purpose of the Beers
Criteria? adults by identifying drugs that should be avoided or used
with caution
Why are older adults at high factors include polypharamacy, increased severity of illness,
risk for adverse drug comorbidities and altered pharmacokinetics
reactions?
-simplify drug regimens
-provide clear instructions
How can medication -use easy to open containers
adherence be promoted in -develop reminders
elderly patients? -support systems
-ensure medication affordability
Why should nitrates be taken to prevent the development of tolerance, nitrates should be
no later than 4pm? taken with nitrate-free interval
What is the value of knowing the generic drugs are chemically identical to brand-name drugs and
difference usually cost less
between generic and brand
name drugs?
What role due formularies play formularies are lists of preferred medications covered by
in drug prescribing? health insurance plans, guiding prescribing practices to
promote cost-effective and safe treatments
blood flow to the absorption site impacts the rate at which a
How does blood flow affect
drug is absorbed, increased blood flow can enhance
drug absorption?
absorption while decreased blood flow can delay
absorption
drug
, What factors influence a drug's solubility
passage across cell
membranes? drug size
presence of specific transport mechanisms or channels
drugs must cross cell membranes to reach their site of action
How does surface area larger surface area, such as in the small intestine, enhances
affect drug absorption? drug absorption by providing more area for the drug to
be absorbed into the bloodstream
a noncompetitive antagonists binds to a receptor at a
What is a noncompetitive different site than the agonist, changing the receptor's
antagonists? shape and preventing activation regardless of agonist
concentration
How do noncompetitive alter the receptor's conformation, blocking or diminishing the
antagonists affect receptor receptor's response to agonists and reducing the
activity? intended physiological response
NPs with full practice authority can conduct evaluations,
what does full practice
diagnose, order and interpret test, initiate and manage
authority allow NPs to do?
treatments and prescribe medication and controlled
substances without physician oversight
NPs with reduced practice authority must have a regulated
what are the limitations of
collaborative agreement with another healthcare provider
reduced practice authority for
which may restrict at least one aspect of their
NPs?
practice
NPs with restricted practice authority require supervision, delegation,
What does restricted practice
or team
authority entail for NPs? management by another healthcare provider to deliver care,
restricting at least one element of their practice
fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches
What is bioavailability?
systemic circulation and is critical in determining dosage
for oral versus IV administration
half-life is the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a
what is half-life in
pharmacokinetics? drug to reduce to half its original value, crucial for
determining dosing frequency
the first pass effect refers to the significant reduction in drug
What is the first pass effect? concentration after metabolism in the liver before it reaches
systemic circulation, impacting oral drug bioavailability
How does plasma protein drugs that bind to plasma proteins, mainly albumin, can
binding affect drug have reduced free drug levels in the blood, affecting
distribution? distribution and therapeutic effects
What does clearance measure clearance measures the efficiency with which a drug is removed from
in pharmacokinetics? the body
substances foreign to the body, including medications, that
What is xenobiotics?
can introduce adverse effects depending on their absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion
What is drug absorption? the process by which a drug moves from its administration site into the
bloodstream
after entering the bloodstream, a drug must be distributed to
How does drug distribution
occur? sites of action throughout the body via the vascular
system
, drug metabolism involves chemically altering drugs for
What happens during drug
metabolism? therapeutic use and transforming them into components
more easily excreted by the body
What is drug excretion? process of removing drugs and their metabolites from the body
how do genetic variants affect genetic variants can alter the activity of CYP450 enzymes,
drug metabolism? influencing how drugs are metabolized
-GFR
what are some physiological
-altered hepatic metabolism
changes during pregnancy
-decreased bowl tone
that affect drug
-variations in body water and fat content
pharmacokinetics? (4)
How does drug absorption differ neonates experience slower and more erratic absorption of
in IM medications, and altered gastric emptying affects oral
neonates compared to older drug absorption
children?
provides guidelines to improve medication safety in older
What is the purpose of the Beers
Criteria? adults by identifying drugs that should be avoided or used
with caution
Why are older adults at high factors include polypharamacy, increased severity of illness,
risk for adverse drug comorbidities and altered pharmacokinetics
reactions?
-simplify drug regimens
-provide clear instructions
How can medication -use easy to open containers
adherence be promoted in -develop reminders
elderly patients? -support systems
-ensure medication affordability
Why should nitrates be taken to prevent the development of tolerance, nitrates should be
no later than 4pm? taken with nitrate-free interval
What is the value of knowing the generic drugs are chemically identical to brand-name drugs and
difference usually cost less
between generic and brand
name drugs?
What role due formularies play formularies are lists of preferred medications covered by
in drug prescribing? health insurance plans, guiding prescribing practices to
promote cost-effective and safe treatments
blood flow to the absorption site impacts the rate at which a
How does blood flow affect
drug is absorbed, increased blood flow can enhance
drug absorption?
absorption while decreased blood flow can delay
absorption
drug
, What factors influence a drug's solubility
passage across cell
membranes? drug size
presence of specific transport mechanisms or channels
drugs must cross cell membranes to reach their site of action
How does surface area larger surface area, such as in the small intestine, enhances
affect drug absorption? drug absorption by providing more area for the drug to
be absorbed into the bloodstream
a noncompetitive antagonists binds to a receptor at a
What is a noncompetitive different site than the agonist, changing the receptor's
antagonists? shape and preventing activation regardless of agonist
concentration
How do noncompetitive alter the receptor's conformation, blocking or diminishing the
antagonists affect receptor receptor's response to agonists and reducing the
activity? intended physiological response
