MED SURG 1: BLOOD DISORDERS EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
Blood Disorders - Conditions with altered oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and its
constituents, structure, consistency, and flow
Blood, basics - specialized connective tissue
-cells
-fibers
-matrix
8% BW
5-6 L vol
Blood components - Plasma + formed elements
Plasma - whole blood minus formed elements
90% H2O
10% solutes
Proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin
Electrolytes
Nutrients (sugars, lipids)
Hormones
Formed Elements - Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
RBCs - erythrocytes
WBCs - leukocytes
Serum - plasma minus fibrinogen
What is fibrinogen useful for? - clotting cascade
Hematocrit (HCT) - packed cell volume
% of RBCs in 10cc of centrifuged whole blood
plasma/buffy coat/packed RBCs
Normally 36-49% (1/3 - 1/2)
Buffy coat - white blood cells
platelets
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - oxygen carrying pigment of RBCs that gives them red color and conveys
O2 to tissues
What form is hemoglobin in in venous blood? - reduced form - deoxyhemoglobin
, What form is hemoglobin in in arterial blood? - in combo with O2 - oxyhemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin in blood - 12-18 g/dL
T/F. Hematocrit and Hemoglobin levels are closely related. When Hgb decreases, HCT is also
decreased. - False. It is possible to have low Hgb but normal HCT. However, these values
normally correlate.
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults? - bone marrow
Where does hematopoiesis occur in fetuses? - liver, spleen, and thymus
What disease can affect hematopoiesis? - leukemia - attacks bone marrow
-cytosis - increase in cell count
-penia - decrease in cell count
anisocytosis - increase in abnormal size of cells
Poikilocytosis - abnormal shape of cells
Polycythemia - overall increase in number of cells, high levels of HCT
Leukocytosis - increase in WBCs (could be normal in presence of infection)
Leukopenia - decrease in WBCs (never good; leukemia)
Thrombocytosis - increase in platelets (clotting)
Thrombocytopenia - decrease in platelets, spontaneous bleeds and trouble clotting
S/S of hematologic disorders - edema
congestion
infarction
thrombus
embolus
lymphedema
bleeding or bruising
shock
Edema - accumulation of excessive fluid in body cavities or interstitial tissues
congestion - accumulation of excessive blood within the blood vessels of an organ or tissue
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
Blood Disorders - Conditions with altered oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and its
constituents, structure, consistency, and flow
Blood, basics - specialized connective tissue
-cells
-fibers
-matrix
8% BW
5-6 L vol
Blood components - Plasma + formed elements
Plasma - whole blood minus formed elements
90% H2O
10% solutes
Proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin
Electrolytes
Nutrients (sugars, lipids)
Hormones
Formed Elements - Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
RBCs - erythrocytes
WBCs - leukocytes
Serum - plasma minus fibrinogen
What is fibrinogen useful for? - clotting cascade
Hematocrit (HCT) - packed cell volume
% of RBCs in 10cc of centrifuged whole blood
plasma/buffy coat/packed RBCs
Normally 36-49% (1/3 - 1/2)
Buffy coat - white blood cells
platelets
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - oxygen carrying pigment of RBCs that gives them red color and conveys
O2 to tissues
What form is hemoglobin in in venous blood? - reduced form - deoxyhemoglobin
, What form is hemoglobin in in arterial blood? - in combo with O2 - oxyhemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin in blood - 12-18 g/dL
T/F. Hematocrit and Hemoglobin levels are closely related. When Hgb decreases, HCT is also
decreased. - False. It is possible to have low Hgb but normal HCT. However, these values
normally correlate.
Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults? - bone marrow
Where does hematopoiesis occur in fetuses? - liver, spleen, and thymus
What disease can affect hematopoiesis? - leukemia - attacks bone marrow
-cytosis - increase in cell count
-penia - decrease in cell count
anisocytosis - increase in abnormal size of cells
Poikilocytosis - abnormal shape of cells
Polycythemia - overall increase in number of cells, high levels of HCT
Leukocytosis - increase in WBCs (could be normal in presence of infection)
Leukopenia - decrease in WBCs (never good; leukemia)
Thrombocytosis - increase in platelets (clotting)
Thrombocytopenia - decrease in platelets, spontaneous bleeds and trouble clotting
S/S of hematologic disorders - edema
congestion
infarction
thrombus
embolus
lymphedema
bleeding or bruising
shock
Edema - accumulation of excessive fluid in body cavities or interstitial tissues
congestion - accumulation of excessive blood within the blood vessels of an organ or tissue
