NEURO MIDTERM EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
Gerstmann's Syndrome - Problem in dominant parietal lobe
1. R/L confusion
2. Calculations
3. Finger Agnosia
4. Agraphia
Apraxia - mild form = dyspraxia
loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the
desire and physical ability to perform them. Pt is unable to complete task even though they
understand.
Test: blow a kiss, cut paper with scissors
Parietal lobe injury
Neglect - Problem in non-dominant parietal lobe
Sequencing tasks - Go no-go test, drawing alternate figures
tests persevereation
Problem in frontal lobe
Abulia - absence of willpower or an inability to act decisively
Perseveration - repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the
absence of a stimulus
usually caused by brain injury
Logic - High order association cortex
Reflex SC C5 - Biceps
Reflex SC C6 - Brachioradialis
Reflex SC C7 - Triceps
Reflex SC L4 - Patellar
Reflex SC S1 - Achilles
Clonus test - Pt supine
press toes into DF with quick stretch
can alleviate clonus by ensuring contact with heel of foot
, Reflex Scoring 0 - absent
Reflex Scoring 1+ - trace
Reflex Scoring 2+ - normal
Reflex Scoring 3+ - brisk
Reflex Scoring 4+ - non-sustained clonus
Reflex Scoring 5+ - sustained clonus
Graphesthesia - ability to recognize writing letters on skin
Stereognosis - figure out what an object is based on its shape
Tactile extinction - double simultaneous extinction
if you touch both sides simultaneously, pt won't feel affected side. Pt will feel when you touch
each side individually.
Appendicular ataxia - coordination
cerebellar hemis and associated pathways
Truncal ataxiaa - coordination
Vermis (of cerebellum) and associated pathways
if you ask pt to straighten leg and it wobbles, they likely need trunk support
4 basic functions of limbic system - 1. Memory and Motivation
2. Olfaction
3. Visceral Drive (endocrine, sympathetic/para, hypothalamic regulation, peripheral ANS)
4. Emotion
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: One - state of alertness to internal and external
environments
brain stem, ascending pathways to thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Two - subconscious drives and innate survival instincts
learning and memory
hypothalamus and limbic structures
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Three - Abstract conceptualization of verbal or quantitative
entities
cerebral cortex
stroke patients
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Four - Social expression in behavior, personality, lifestyle
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
Gerstmann's Syndrome - Problem in dominant parietal lobe
1. R/L confusion
2. Calculations
3. Finger Agnosia
4. Agraphia
Apraxia - mild form = dyspraxia
loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the
desire and physical ability to perform them. Pt is unable to complete task even though they
understand.
Test: blow a kiss, cut paper with scissors
Parietal lobe injury
Neglect - Problem in non-dominant parietal lobe
Sequencing tasks - Go no-go test, drawing alternate figures
tests persevereation
Problem in frontal lobe
Abulia - absence of willpower or an inability to act decisively
Perseveration - repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the
absence of a stimulus
usually caused by brain injury
Logic - High order association cortex
Reflex SC C5 - Biceps
Reflex SC C6 - Brachioradialis
Reflex SC C7 - Triceps
Reflex SC L4 - Patellar
Reflex SC S1 - Achilles
Clonus test - Pt supine
press toes into DF with quick stretch
can alleviate clonus by ensuring contact with heel of foot
, Reflex Scoring 0 - absent
Reflex Scoring 1+ - trace
Reflex Scoring 2+ - normal
Reflex Scoring 3+ - brisk
Reflex Scoring 4+ - non-sustained clonus
Reflex Scoring 5+ - sustained clonus
Graphesthesia - ability to recognize writing letters on skin
Stereognosis - figure out what an object is based on its shape
Tactile extinction - double simultaneous extinction
if you touch both sides simultaneously, pt won't feel affected side. Pt will feel when you touch
each side individually.
Appendicular ataxia - coordination
cerebellar hemis and associated pathways
Truncal ataxiaa - coordination
Vermis (of cerebellum) and associated pathways
if you ask pt to straighten leg and it wobbles, they likely need trunk support
4 basic functions of limbic system - 1. Memory and Motivation
2. Olfaction
3. Visceral Drive (endocrine, sympathetic/para, hypothalamic regulation, peripheral ANS)
4. Emotion
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: One - state of alertness to internal and external
environments
brain stem, ascending pathways to thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Two - subconscious drives and innate survival instincts
learning and memory
hypothalamus and limbic structures
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Three - Abstract conceptualization of verbal or quantitative
entities
cerebral cortex
stroke patients
Neuroanatomical Levels of Function: Four - Social expression in behavior, personality, lifestyle
