NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM 2025 /NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND CORRECT A+
GRADED ANSWERS
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura –
ANSWER coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for cleaving von
Willebrand factor increased clotting which decreases available platelets --> bleeding
under skin and purple colored spots called "purpura" manifestations:
thrombi>thrombocytopenia>bleeding purpura, LOC changes, confusion, fatigue, fever
Thrombocytopenia –
ANSWER a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets
circulating in the blood
Hemostasis –
ANSWER stoppage of bleeding
1. Vasospasm (vasoconstriction)-brief reflex blood vessel narrows to decrease
blood flow to injury and increase bp
2. Platelet plug formation-involves activation, aggregation, and adherence of
platelets into a plug that serves as a barrier against blood flowing out of vessel. 3
coagulation-or clotting changes blood into gel through cascade of events. Fibrin
mesh is cleaved from fibrinogen. Fibrin acts like glue during clot formation
holding the platelet plug together. Once blood flow is stopped tissue repair can
begin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) –
ANSWER Works in opposite way to calcitonin to regulate serum calcium levels. PTH
secreted with Ca levels drop. PTH increases osteoclast activity which releases Ca from
bone. Also increases absorption of Ca in GI tract and kidneys. PTH also regulates
phosphate levels by reducing renal reabsorption of phosphate in proximal tubule and
increasing the uptake from the intestines and bones into blood
Hyperparathyroidism and etiology –
,ANSWER condition of excessive PTH production by parathyroid glands causes: tumors,
hyperplasia, chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure)
Hyperparathyroidism manifestations/treatment –
ANSWER osteoporosis, renal calculi, polyuria, abd. Pain, constipation, fatigue,
weakness, flaccid muscles, dysrhythmias, hypertension, depression, forgetfulness,
Cushing's syndrome –
ANSWER excessive cortisol that results from the increased ACTH levels
Cushing's syndrome etiology –
ANSWER iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid meds, adrenal tumors that secrete
glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH and cortisol, and paraneoplastic
syndrome (rare disorders triggered by abnormal immune response to a cancerous
tumor called neoplasm)
Cushing's syndrome treatment –
ANSWER gradual tapering of any glucocorticoids tumors may need surgery and
radiation meds to control cortisol production interventions to manage complications
Cushing's manifestations –
ANSWER moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting, delayed
growth, acne, broad purple striae, thin bruisable skin, delayed healing,
hyperpigmentation (due to ACTH), increased infections, osteoporosis, hirsutism
(abnormail hair growth), glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, edema,
hypokalemia, mood changes
Growth Hormone (GH) –
ANSWER stimulates cell growth and fat breakdown. Primary targets are muscle and
bone, where GH stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis. Anterior Pituitary
gland
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, etiology –
ANSWER develops when body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells.
Etiology-unknown, most likely viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible
people.
Manifestations of diabetes mellitus –
, ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia hyperglycemia, glucosuria, weight loss,
blurred vision, fatigue
Hypoglycemia manifestations –
ANSWER weak, double or blurred vision, hunger, tachycardia, palpitations
Hyperglycemia manifestations –
ANSWER -urinary frequency, anorexia, dry mouth
Long term complications of diabetes mellitus –
ANSWER hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN, diabetic
retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal disease, preg
complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile dysfunction. High blood
glucose can harden vasculature
Type 2 diabetes causes –
ANSWER starts out as insulin resistance. Ofter overweight
Treatment for diabetes mellitus –
ANSWER Type 1 Insulin therapy
Type 2 Lifestyle changes Oral drug therapy Insulin when the above no longer provide
glycemic control
Diabetes insipidus etiology –
ANSWER -almost half of the cases are idiopathic -The other half are usually attributed
to head trauma resulting in damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus -Causes
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -This allows excessive water to be
excreted by the kidneys
Addisonian crisis/adrenal crisis –
ANSWER onset of severe symptoms usually triggered by acute infection, trauma,
surgery, or sodium loss. Manifestations: profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular
collapse (decreased BP), renal shut down, decreased serum Na, increased serum K
Hyperthyroidism etiology –
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND CORRECT A+
GRADED ANSWERS
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura –
ANSWER coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for cleaving von
Willebrand factor increased clotting which decreases available platelets --> bleeding
under skin and purple colored spots called "purpura" manifestations:
thrombi>thrombocytopenia>bleeding purpura, LOC changes, confusion, fatigue, fever
Thrombocytopenia –
ANSWER a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets
circulating in the blood
Hemostasis –
ANSWER stoppage of bleeding
1. Vasospasm (vasoconstriction)-brief reflex blood vessel narrows to decrease
blood flow to injury and increase bp
2. Platelet plug formation-involves activation, aggregation, and adherence of
platelets into a plug that serves as a barrier against blood flowing out of vessel. 3
coagulation-or clotting changes blood into gel through cascade of events. Fibrin
mesh is cleaved from fibrinogen. Fibrin acts like glue during clot formation
holding the platelet plug together. Once blood flow is stopped tissue repair can
begin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) –
ANSWER Works in opposite way to calcitonin to regulate serum calcium levels. PTH
secreted with Ca levels drop. PTH increases osteoclast activity which releases Ca from
bone. Also increases absorption of Ca in GI tract and kidneys. PTH also regulates
phosphate levels by reducing renal reabsorption of phosphate in proximal tubule and
increasing the uptake from the intestines and bones into blood
Hyperparathyroidism and etiology –
,ANSWER condition of excessive PTH production by parathyroid glands causes: tumors,
hyperplasia, chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure)
Hyperparathyroidism manifestations/treatment –
ANSWER osteoporosis, renal calculi, polyuria, abd. Pain, constipation, fatigue,
weakness, flaccid muscles, dysrhythmias, hypertension, depression, forgetfulness,
Cushing's syndrome –
ANSWER excessive cortisol that results from the increased ACTH levels
Cushing's syndrome etiology –
ANSWER iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid meds, adrenal tumors that secrete
glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH and cortisol, and paraneoplastic
syndrome (rare disorders triggered by abnormal immune response to a cancerous
tumor called neoplasm)
Cushing's syndrome treatment –
ANSWER gradual tapering of any glucocorticoids tumors may need surgery and
radiation meds to control cortisol production interventions to manage complications
Cushing's manifestations –
ANSWER moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting, delayed
growth, acne, broad purple striae, thin bruisable skin, delayed healing,
hyperpigmentation (due to ACTH), increased infections, osteoporosis, hirsutism
(abnormail hair growth), glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, edema,
hypokalemia, mood changes
Growth Hormone (GH) –
ANSWER stimulates cell growth and fat breakdown. Primary targets are muscle and
bone, where GH stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis. Anterior Pituitary
gland
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, etiology –
ANSWER develops when body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells.
Etiology-unknown, most likely viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible
people.
Manifestations of diabetes mellitus –
, ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia hyperglycemia, glucosuria, weight loss,
blurred vision, fatigue
Hypoglycemia manifestations –
ANSWER weak, double or blurred vision, hunger, tachycardia, palpitations
Hyperglycemia manifestations –
ANSWER -urinary frequency, anorexia, dry mouth
Long term complications of diabetes mellitus –
ANSWER hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN, diabetic
retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal disease, preg
complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile dysfunction. High blood
glucose can harden vasculature
Type 2 diabetes causes –
ANSWER starts out as insulin resistance. Ofter overweight
Treatment for diabetes mellitus –
ANSWER Type 1 Insulin therapy
Type 2 Lifestyle changes Oral drug therapy Insulin when the above no longer provide
glycemic control
Diabetes insipidus etiology –
ANSWER -almost half of the cases are idiopathic -The other half are usually attributed
to head trauma resulting in damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus -Causes
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -This allows excessive water to be
excreted by the kidneys
Addisonian crisis/adrenal crisis –
ANSWER onset of severe symptoms usually triggered by acute infection, trauma,
surgery, or sodium loss. Manifestations: profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular
collapse (decreased BP), renal shut down, decreased serum Na, increased serum K
Hyperthyroidism etiology –
