Fundamentals of Phonetics - Chapter 7 Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025
articulation disorder - Answers difficulty in coordinating the articulators in production of a limited set of
phonemes; difficultly with the motoric aspects of speech production; just a problem with a few
phonemes and speech disorder tied to the motoric aspects of production
phonological disorder - Answers a difficulty in speech sound production resulting in multiple speech
sound errors ultimately involving the sound system of a language; also used to describe articulation
disorder; can't utilize the rules of combination and order of phonemes in words
speech sound disorder - Answers term used to refer to an individual with a phonological or articulation
disorder; encompasses ALL disorders involving speech
misarticulations - Answers an articulatory error, classically catagorized as an omission, substitution,
distortion, or addition; any speech erro
substitution - Answers the replacement of one phoneme by another in a syllable or word; example is
using /w/ for /l/ in /hewou/ for hello= a w/l substitution
omission - Answers the deletion of a phoneme in a word, usually related to disordered speech; example:
big becomes /bi/ leaving off the final /g/
distortion - Answers a characteristic of disordered speech involving the production of an allophone of an
intended phoneme; example is saying "sit" with a dentalized /s/ or "th" sound
addition - Answers the insertion of an extra phoneme in the production of a word, usually used in
reference to disordered speech; ex: /dag[shwa]/ for "dog"
natural phonology - Answers Stampe's theory that supports the idea that children are born with innate
processes necessary for the development of speech; not capable of producing adult-like pronunciations
phonological processes - Answers simplifications used by children not capable of producing adult speech
patterns; suppressed as children age
syllable structure processes - Answers FIRST GROUP; phonological processes that generally simplify the
production of syllables, creating a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern; first type used in child's speech;
includes: weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, reduplication, and cluster reduction (table 7.2
p.223)
substitution processes - Answers phonological processes involving the substitution of one phoneme
class by another; usually kids sub in a stop for a fricative/affricate or shift place of production more
forward (from palatal to alveolar)
, assimilatory processes - Answers phonological processes that involve an alteration in phoneme
production due to phonetic environment; progressive or regressive; end by 3; include: labial, velar,
nasal, and/or voicing
weak syllable deletion - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the omission of
an unstressed (weak) syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable
final consonant deletion - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the deletion of
the final consonant in a syllable, resulting in an open syllable; ends 3;6; ex: bake=/bei/ and cat=/kae/
reduplication - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the repetition of a
syllable of a word; can be total (mommy=/mama/) or partial (bottle=/bada/); ends 2;6
cluster reduction - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that results in the deletion of a
consonant from a cluster; one or multiple consonants left out; ends 4;0; ex: snow=/nou/ or play=/pei/
stopping - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a stop for a
fricative or an affricate; ex: sake=/teik/ or ship=/tip/
fronting - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a velar/palatal
consonant with an alveolar consonant; /k/ to /t/ or /g/ to /d/ as in cat=/taet/
deaffication - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a fricative
for an affricate; ex: chip=/ship/ or juice=/chus/ or ledge=/lez/
gliding - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a glide for a
liquid; seen in ages 2;0 through 5;0; ex: red=/wed/, laugh=/jaef/ and blue=/bwu (think cartoons!)
vocalization/vowelization - Answers the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic or syllabic /l/, postvocalic
/r/ (including the /er/ vowels), or the substitution of a non-rhotic vowel for the central vowels; must
listen carefully for final consonants maintained, like /l/; this process is prone to transcription error; ex:
tiger=/tigu/ and fell=/feo/
labial assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a nonlabial
phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation due to the presence of a labial phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: book=/bup/ (progressive assim) or cap=/paep/ (regressive assim)
alveolar assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-alveolar
consonant is produced with an alveolar place of production due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: time=/tain/ (progressive), shut=/sut/ (regressive) or bat=/daet/ (regressive)
velar assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-velar
phoneme is produced with a velar place of production due to the presence of a velar phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: cup=/kuk/ (prog), gone=/gong/ (prog), take=/keik/ (reg)
articulation disorder - Answers difficulty in coordinating the articulators in production of a limited set of
phonemes; difficultly with the motoric aspects of speech production; just a problem with a few
phonemes and speech disorder tied to the motoric aspects of production
phonological disorder - Answers a difficulty in speech sound production resulting in multiple speech
sound errors ultimately involving the sound system of a language; also used to describe articulation
disorder; can't utilize the rules of combination and order of phonemes in words
speech sound disorder - Answers term used to refer to an individual with a phonological or articulation
disorder; encompasses ALL disorders involving speech
misarticulations - Answers an articulatory error, classically catagorized as an omission, substitution,
distortion, or addition; any speech erro
substitution - Answers the replacement of one phoneme by another in a syllable or word; example is
using /w/ for /l/ in /hewou/ for hello= a w/l substitution
omission - Answers the deletion of a phoneme in a word, usually related to disordered speech; example:
big becomes /bi/ leaving off the final /g/
distortion - Answers a characteristic of disordered speech involving the production of an allophone of an
intended phoneme; example is saying "sit" with a dentalized /s/ or "th" sound
addition - Answers the insertion of an extra phoneme in the production of a word, usually used in
reference to disordered speech; ex: /dag[shwa]/ for "dog"
natural phonology - Answers Stampe's theory that supports the idea that children are born with innate
processes necessary for the development of speech; not capable of producing adult-like pronunciations
phonological processes - Answers simplifications used by children not capable of producing adult speech
patterns; suppressed as children age
syllable structure processes - Answers FIRST GROUP; phonological processes that generally simplify the
production of syllables, creating a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern; first type used in child's speech;
includes: weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, reduplication, and cluster reduction (table 7.2
p.223)
substitution processes - Answers phonological processes involving the substitution of one phoneme
class by another; usually kids sub in a stop for a fricative/affricate or shift place of production more
forward (from palatal to alveolar)
, assimilatory processes - Answers phonological processes that involve an alteration in phoneme
production due to phonetic environment; progressive or regressive; end by 3; include: labial, velar,
nasal, and/or voicing
weak syllable deletion - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the omission of
an unstressed (weak) syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable
final consonant deletion - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the deletion of
the final consonant in a syllable, resulting in an open syllable; ends 3;6; ex: bake=/bei/ and cat=/kae/
reduplication - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that involves the repetition of a
syllable of a word; can be total (mommy=/mama/) or partial (bottle=/bada/); ends 2;6
cluster reduction - Answers a syllable structure phonological process that results in the deletion of a
consonant from a cluster; one or multiple consonants left out; ends 4;0; ex: snow=/nou/ or play=/pei/
stopping - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a stop for a
fricative or an affricate; ex: sake=/teik/ or ship=/tip/
fronting - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a velar/palatal
consonant with an alveolar consonant; /k/ to /t/ or /g/ to /d/ as in cat=/taet/
deaffication - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a fricative
for an affricate; ex: chip=/ship/ or juice=/chus/ or ledge=/lez/
gliding - Answers a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a glide for a
liquid; seen in ages 2;0 through 5;0; ex: red=/wed/, laugh=/jaef/ and blue=/bwu (think cartoons!)
vocalization/vowelization - Answers the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic or syllabic /l/, postvocalic
/r/ (including the /er/ vowels), or the substitution of a non-rhotic vowel for the central vowels; must
listen carefully for final consonants maintained, like /l/; this process is prone to transcription error; ex:
tiger=/tigu/ and fell=/feo/
labial assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a nonlabial
phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation due to the presence of a labial phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: book=/bup/ (progressive assim) or cap=/paep/ (regressive assim)
alveolar assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-alveolar
consonant is produced with an alveolar place of production due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: time=/tain/ (progressive), shut=/sut/ (regressive) or bat=/daet/ (regressive)
velar assimilation - Answers an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-velar
phoneme is produced with a velar place of production due to the presence of a velar phoneme
elsewhere in the word; ex: cup=/kuk/ (prog), gone=/gong/ (prog), take=/keik/ (reg)
