GCU BIO202 EXAM 1 (ENDOCRINE AND BLOOD) STUDY GUIDE / VERIFIED QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS / NEWEST 2025/2026.
Hormones - correct answer chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine
glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
negative feedback - correct answer A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in
a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial
fluctuation.
direct pathway - correct answer hormones are exchanged across gap junctions of cells, such as
the intercalated discs of the heart. This maintains homeostasis within a specific tissue set,
rather than sending it to other organ tissue or all across the body.
Paracrine pathway - correct answer hormones are produced in a cell, secreted, and act directly
on nearby receptive cells
endocrine pathway - correct answer hormones are produced in a cell, secreted, and travel
through blood vessels to distant cells, attach to receptors, and act on that cell
Glands - correct answer Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many
of our bodily functions
target cells - correct answer cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
hormone receptor - correct answer a protein in or on the cell that binds to the hormone and
initiates cellular mechanisms
free hormones - correct answer Remain functional for less than 1 hour
Diffuse out of bloodstream:
bind to receptors on target cells
Are broken down and absorbed:
by cells of liver or kidney
Are broken down by enzymes:
in plasma or interstitial fluids
Protein bound hormones - correct answer hormones that remain in the bloodstream for long
amounts of time. The glands secrete them in abudance, but they are only released when the
other proteins run out i.e. steroid hormones
hormone amplification - correct answer with water soluble hormones- they bind to a receptor
and cAMP takes over to produce more of a specific hormone
water soluble hormones - correct answer (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid
hormone)
, GCU BIO202 EXAM 1 (ENDOCRINE AND BLOOD) STUDY GUIDE / VERIFIED QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS / NEWEST 2025/2026.
Act on plasma membrane receptors
Act via G protein second messengers
Cannot enter cell
lipid soluble hormones - correct answer -steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
-can enter cell
adenohypophysis - correct answer anterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis - correct answer posterior pituitary gland
down regulation - correct answer target cells lose receptors in response to over stimulus of
surrounding hormones
up-regulation - correct answer target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone
levels
humoral stimuli - correct answer secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood
levels of ions and nutrients
hormonal stimuli - correct answer Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their
hormones
neural stimuli - correct answer nerve fibers stimulate hormone release at the neuroglandular
junction
releasing hormones - correct answer chemical that stimulates other glands to release their
hormones
inhibiting hormones - correct answer hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can
suppress secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - correct answer Promotes secretion of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). It is made in the hypothalamus and
effects the adenohypophysis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - correct answer Promotes secretion of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It is made in the hypothalamus and effects the
adenohypophysis.
Thyreotropin Releasing Hormone - correct answer acts upon the adenohypophysis from the
hypopthalamus to release thyroid stimulating hormone.
ANSWERS / NEWEST 2025/2026.
Hormones - correct answer chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine
glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
negative feedback - correct answer A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in
a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial
fluctuation.
direct pathway - correct answer hormones are exchanged across gap junctions of cells, such as
the intercalated discs of the heart. This maintains homeostasis within a specific tissue set,
rather than sending it to other organ tissue or all across the body.
Paracrine pathway - correct answer hormones are produced in a cell, secreted, and act directly
on nearby receptive cells
endocrine pathway - correct answer hormones are produced in a cell, secreted, and travel
through blood vessels to distant cells, attach to receptors, and act on that cell
Glands - correct answer Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many
of our bodily functions
target cells - correct answer cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
hormone receptor - correct answer a protein in or on the cell that binds to the hormone and
initiates cellular mechanisms
free hormones - correct answer Remain functional for less than 1 hour
Diffuse out of bloodstream:
bind to receptors on target cells
Are broken down and absorbed:
by cells of liver or kidney
Are broken down by enzymes:
in plasma or interstitial fluids
Protein bound hormones - correct answer hormones that remain in the bloodstream for long
amounts of time. The glands secrete them in abudance, but they are only released when the
other proteins run out i.e. steroid hormones
hormone amplification - correct answer with water soluble hormones- they bind to a receptor
and cAMP takes over to produce more of a specific hormone
water soluble hormones - correct answer (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid
hormone)
, GCU BIO202 EXAM 1 (ENDOCRINE AND BLOOD) STUDY GUIDE / VERIFIED QUESTIONS & CORRECT
ANSWERS / NEWEST 2025/2026.
Act on plasma membrane receptors
Act via G protein second messengers
Cannot enter cell
lipid soluble hormones - correct answer -steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
-can enter cell
adenohypophysis - correct answer anterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis - correct answer posterior pituitary gland
down regulation - correct answer target cells lose receptors in response to over stimulus of
surrounding hormones
up-regulation - correct answer target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone
levels
humoral stimuli - correct answer secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood
levels of ions and nutrients
hormonal stimuli - correct answer Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their
hormones
neural stimuli - correct answer nerve fibers stimulate hormone release at the neuroglandular
junction
releasing hormones - correct answer chemical that stimulates other glands to release their
hormones
inhibiting hormones - correct answer hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that can
suppress secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - correct answer Promotes secretion of follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). It is made in the hypothalamus and
effects the adenohypophysis.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - correct answer Promotes secretion of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). It is made in the hypothalamus and effects the
adenohypophysis.
Thyreotropin Releasing Hormone - correct answer acts upon the adenohypophysis from the
hypopthalamus to release thyroid stimulating hormone.
