4/3/25, 5:59 NR 283 Final Exam |
PM
NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (139)
What regulates the release of hormones? feedback systems
Positive Feedback tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
-altered cell environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of other
Why are hormones are released?
hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no issues since the blood
stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer - which
is why we need receptors on the cells and second messengers (proteins that
Non-steroidal hormones
live inside the cells to help get the message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a
second messenger
-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream cannot float around
easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell, they
Steroidal Hormones dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver the message straight
to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a hormone in
if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get a hormone in
Upregulation -this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen insulin in a
while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out insulin
-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in response
the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is able
to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose in the blood,
Downregulation
insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let glucose in because they
have become sensitized.Now it will take more insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone is every
cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release TRH
Thyroid Cascade
which reaches pituitary gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the
thyroid gland release TH and then goes to target cells (all cells in the body), once
we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to stop making TRH
-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
Cause of Endocrine Disorders -target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
1/14
, 4/3/25, 5:59 NR 283 Final Exam |
PM
(graves disease)
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally
fight infection), but this AB's instead will go
to the
thyroid and will mimic the cascade. They tell
the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone,
even when negative feedback is taking
Hyperthyroidism place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by
inflammation from cell mediators), toxic goiter,
symptoms are also due to everything speeding
up (hot because of increased metabolism which
makes more ATP - ATP releases heat, shaky:
everything is moving fast through body, weight
loss: crazy fast metabolism, tachycardia,
increased BP: thyroid hormone helps maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically
remove part of thyroid
-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
Hypothryoidism
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making a lot of
ATP, super tired, apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be
regulated very closely as metabolism needs change
2/14
PM
NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Terms in this set (139)
What regulates the release of hormones? feedback systems
Positive Feedback tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
-altered cell environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of other
Why are hormones are released?
hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no issues since the blood
stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer - which
is why we need receptors on the cells and second messengers (proteins that
Non-steroidal hormones
live inside the cells to help get the message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a
second messenger
-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream cannot float around
easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell, they
Steroidal Hormones dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver the message straight
to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a hormone in
if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get a hormone in
Upregulation -this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen insulin in a
while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out insulin
-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in response
the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is able
to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose in the blood,
Downregulation
insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let glucose in because they
have become sensitized.Now it will take more insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone is every
cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release TRH
Thyroid Cascade
which reaches pituitary gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the
thyroid gland release TH and then goes to target cells (all cells in the body), once
we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to stop making TRH
-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
Cause of Endocrine Disorders -target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
1/14
, 4/3/25, 5:59 NR 283 Final Exam |
PM
(graves disease)
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally
fight infection), but this AB's instead will go
to the
thyroid and will mimic the cascade. They tell
the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone,
even when negative feedback is taking
Hyperthyroidism place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by
inflammation from cell mediators), toxic goiter,
symptoms are also due to everything speeding
up (hot because of increased metabolism which
makes more ATP - ATP releases heat, shaky:
everything is moving fast through body, weight
loss: crazy fast metabolism, tachycardia,
increased BP: thyroid hormone helps maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically
remove part of thyroid
-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
Hypothryoidism
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making a lot of
ATP, super tired, apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be
regulated very closely as metabolism needs change
2/14
