NR 324 CH. 16 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE

NR 324 CH. 16 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE Terms in this set (150) Anions Negatively charged ions. Bicarbonate (HCO3−) Chloride (Cl−) Phosphate (PO43−) ions. Most proteins bear a negative charge and are thus anions. Acidosis excessive acidity of body fluids pH below 7.35 Active transport A process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient. External energy is required for this process. Alkalosis The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids. pH above 7.45 Buffers act chemically to change strong acids into weaker ones or bind them to neutralize them. This minimizes the effect of acids on blood pH until their excretion from the body. What is the primary regulator of acid- base balance? Buffering Cations are positively charged ions. Examples include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. Central venous access devices (CVADs) catheters placed in large blood vessels (e.g., subclavian vein, jugular vein) of people who require frequent or special access to the vascular system. There are three main types: centrally inserted catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), and implanted ports. Electrolytes substances whose molecules dissociate, or split, into ions when placed in water. Fluid spacing a term used to describe the distribution of body water First spacing The normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments. Second spacing abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema) Third spacing Occurs when excess fluid collects in the nonfunctional area between cells. This fluid is trapped where it is difficult or impossible for it to move back into the cells or blood vessels. Third spacing occurs with ascites; fluid leaking into the abdominal cavity with peritonitis or pancreatitis; and edema associated with burns, trauma, or sepsis. Hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is the BP generated by the contraction of the heart. Oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. The plasma protein molecules attract water, pulling fluid from the tissue space to the vascular space. Under normal conditions, plasma oncotic pressure is about 25 mm Hg. The small amount of protein found in the interstitial space exerts an oncotic pressure of about 1 mm Hg. Hypertonic Fluids with solutes more concentrated than in the cells, or an increased osmolality. If hypertonic fluid surrounds a cell then the fluid within the cell will be drawn out and the cell will eventually shrink and die. Hypotonic Solutions where the solutes are less concentrated than within the cell, or a decreased osmolality. If a cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution then it will pull the fluid into the cell and eventually burst. Isotonic Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell. No movement of fluid into or out of the cell. Osmolality the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram. Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration. Requires no outside energy source Osmotic pressure Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane. The higher the concentration, the greater a solution's pull, or osmotic pressure. Capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial oncotic pressure move water out of the capillaries. Plasma oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure move fluid into the capillaries