4/3/25, 5:58 NR 283 FINAL |
PM
NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025
Terms in this set (203)
Refers to programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Reduced oxygen in tissues
Hypoxia
Nutritional deficits
Pyroptosis Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation.
Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration
Liquefaction necrosis•Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
Coagulative necrosis•Cell proteins are altered or denatured
Necrosis
Fat necrosis•Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
Caseous necrosis•Form of coagulation necrosis•Thick, yellowish, "cheesy"
substance forms
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation. In a myocardial infarct (heart
Infarction
attack) the cardiac muscle cells are often killed.
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria. Can be wet, dry, or
Gangrene
gaseous gangrene
Edema―excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
• causes swelling or enlargement of tissue
FLUID VOLUME EXCESS .•may be localized or throughout the body.
• may impair tissue perfusion.
• may trap drugs in ISF.
• Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• Caused by higher blood pressure or increased blood volume
• Forces increased fluid out of capillaries into tissue
• Cause of pulmonary edema
CAUSES OF EDEMA • Loss of plasma proteins
• Particularly albumin
• Results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure.
• Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
• Increased capillary permeability
Swelling—local
area Pitting
edema
EFFECTS OF EDEMA Increase in body weight
Functional impairment
Pain
Impaired arterial circulation
Dental complications
DEHYDRATION
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT
• Inadequate intake
• Excessive loss
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PM
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Excessive sweating with loss of sodium and water
CAUSES OF DEHYDRATION • Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Insufficient water intake in older adults or unconscious persons
• Use of concentrated formula in infants
• Dry mucous membranes in the mouth
• Decreased skin turgor or elasticity
EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATION • Lower blood pressure, weak pulse, and fatigue
• Increased hematocrit and other labwork
• Decreased mental function, confusion, loss of consciousness
Normal value in the blood = 135-145
SODIUM IMBALANCE
• Hyponatremia-too little sodium in the bloodstream.
• Hypernatremia-too much sodium in the bloodstream
• Serum Na <135
• Losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
• Low sodium levels
HYPONATREMIA
• Decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartment
• Hypovolemia and decreased blood pressure
• Confusion, headache, weakness, seizures
• Serum Na >145
• Watery diarrhea
• Prolonged periods of rapid respiration
• Weakness, agitation
HYPERNATREMIA
• Dry, rough mucous membranes
• edema
• Increased thirst (if thirst mechanism is functional)
• Increased blood pressure
POTASSIUM • Blood level normal value 3.5-5 mEq/L
Serum K+ < 3.5 mEq/L
Excessive losses caused by diarrhea
CAUSES:
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
HYPOKALEMIA
• Interference with neuromuscular function
• Paresthesias―"pins and needles"
• Decreased digestive tract motility
• Shallow respirations
• Failure to concentrate urine―polyuria
• Serum K+ > 5
mEq/L FROM
• Renal failure
• Deficit of aldosterone
• "Potassium-sparing" diuretics
HYPERKALEMIA
CAUSES
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Muscle weakness common
• Fatigue, nausea, paresthesias
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8
PM
NR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025
Terms in this set (203)
Refers to programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Normal occurrence in the body
Ischemia Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Reduced oxygen in tissues
Hypoxia
Nutritional deficits
Pyroptosis Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation.
Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration
Liquefaction necrosis•Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
Coagulative necrosis•Cell proteins are altered or denatured
Necrosis
Fat necrosis•Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
Caseous necrosis•Form of coagulation necrosis•Thick, yellowish, "cheesy"
substance forms
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation. In a myocardial infarct (heart
Infarction
attack) the cardiac muscle cells are often killed.
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria. Can be wet, dry, or
Gangrene
gaseous gangrene
Edema―excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
• causes swelling or enlargement of tissue
FLUID VOLUME EXCESS .•may be localized or throughout the body.
• may impair tissue perfusion.
• may trap drugs in ISF.
• Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
• Caused by higher blood pressure or increased blood volume
• Forces increased fluid out of capillaries into tissue
• Cause of pulmonary edema
CAUSES OF EDEMA • Loss of plasma proteins
• Particularly albumin
• Results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure.
• Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
• Increased capillary permeability
Swelling—local
area Pitting
edema
EFFECTS OF EDEMA Increase in body weight
Functional impairment
Pain
Impaired arterial circulation
Dental complications
DEHYDRATION
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT
• Inadequate intake
• Excessive loss
1/
8
, 4/3/25, 5:58 NR 283 FINAL |
PM
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Excessive sweating with loss of sodium and water
CAUSES OF DEHYDRATION • Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Insufficient water intake in older adults or unconscious persons
• Use of concentrated formula in infants
• Dry mucous membranes in the mouth
• Decreased skin turgor or elasticity
EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATION • Lower blood pressure, weak pulse, and fatigue
• Increased hematocrit and other labwork
• Decreased mental function, confusion, loss of consciousness
Normal value in the blood = 135-145
SODIUM IMBALANCE
• Hyponatremia-too little sodium in the bloodstream.
• Hypernatremia-too much sodium in the bloodstream
• Serum Na <135
• Losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
• Low sodium levels
HYPONATREMIA
• Decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartment
• Hypovolemia and decreased blood pressure
• Confusion, headache, weakness, seizures
• Serum Na >145
• Watery diarrhea
• Prolonged periods of rapid respiration
• Weakness, agitation
HYPERNATREMIA
• Dry, rough mucous membranes
• edema
• Increased thirst (if thirst mechanism is functional)
• Increased blood pressure
POTASSIUM • Blood level normal value 3.5-5 mEq/L
Serum K+ < 3.5 mEq/L
Excessive losses caused by diarrhea
CAUSES:
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
HYPOKALEMIA
• Interference with neuromuscular function
• Paresthesias―"pins and needles"
• Decreased digestive tract motility
• Shallow respirations
• Failure to concentrate urine―polyuria
• Serum K+ > 5
mEq/L FROM
• Renal failure
• Deficit of aldosterone
• "Potassium-sparing" diuretics
HYPERKALEMIA
CAUSES
• Cardiac dysrhythmias
• Muscle weakness common
• Fatigue, nausea, paresthesias
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