IPC 我之前做错的知识点 ：）
Lecture (1)
（1）The source-receiver model (linear)
（2）Transactional model 交互模式
: Transactive 交易的
cooperate/collaboration
Ongoing process
Adapting
Create mutual 相互的 meaning
人和人之间有 noise
> conversation as
*transactive
*joint action
*interdependence（相互依赖），reciprocity(相互回报）
*interpretation about meanings and intentions on both side
*Much is left unsaid （很多内容未能说出口）-有些信息通过支取与验货，双方理解来传
达
—————————————————
Language is ambiguous & Derek Bentley (England, 1952)
Misinterpretations
exmple:
(unintentional) touch / eycontact
Sexual overperception bias: the tendency to believe that others are more
sexually interested in you than they actually are (Haselton, 2003). Particularly
found for men (not women) Link #metoo
About how we understand each other
*it has primarily to do with people and what they mean — intentions (Clark &
Schober, 1992)
How do we come to understand each others’ intentions?
⬇️
Important topics in IPC:
* A learning conversation (Stone et al.)
* Common ground / grounding 共同基础
*Perspective taking (own perspective vs the other’s) 视角转换
* Egocentrism vs the third story 自我为中心 vs 第三方视角
* Self disclosure 自我揭露
* Questioning, reflecting, listening
⬇influence⬇️
*context 情境
,*behavior of conversation partners
*medium 媒介
———————————
Context dimensions（纬度）:
* Set induction 设置引导
*Physical environment 环境
* Temporal factors 时间
* Social psychological factors 社会心理
*Interpersonal relationship (roles, status, history) 人际关系
* Communication history (common ground) 交流历史
*Culture 文化
* Type of situation (e.g.. ‘scripts’) 情景类型———比如说两个人约会一天的情境
—————————————
Behavior and mutual understanding
Behavior of conversation partners determines the course of conversations
：Interdependence! （相互依赖）
Important topics in IPC:
* Nonverbal behavior: haptics 触觉, kinesics 身体动作, posture 姿势, gaze 注视
etc.
* (Non) verbal dominance（主导性）: turn taking (interrupting,silences)
*Questioning (open vs closed, leading, probing)
* Reflecting, reinforcement 强化
* Listening
*Response styles: assertiveness （果断）vs. agression（攻击）
———————————————
The medium and mutual understanding
：Medium determines which (interactive) behaviour is
possible, which signals go back and forth.
Important topics in IPC:
* Constraints and affordances of different media.不同媒介的性限制与功能
*Media richness 丰富度
* Social presence 社会存在感
———————————-
Purposes of nonverbal communication
* Replacing, complementing 补充 and modifying verbal
communication
*Regulating conversations 调节对话
* Expressing emotions and interpersonal attitudes 人际态度
* Negotiating relationships 协调
*Conveying personal and social identity
* Contextualising interaction 提供互动的背景
(Hargie, ch. 3)
,—————————————-
Negotiating relationships- Nonconscious Mimicry 模仿
*Facial mimicry 面部模仿
*Speech: linguistic style matching 言语模仿
*Emotion/mood contagion 情绪传染
*Behavior matching 行为匹配
———————————————-
Nonverbal Mimicry
* Mimicry 模仿 ccurs automatically (unconscious, no awareness,unintentional,
uncontrolable)
*With more mimicry: interaction experienced as more pleasant, interaction
partner judged as nicer
* Cf. Communication Accomodation Theory (ICW), Howie Giles: converging (vs.
diverging)
* Neurological explanation: Mirror neurons 神经元解释
*Perceiving an action activates motor cortex => “motor readiness” to perform
the same action.
————————————
Nonverbal complentarity 互补性
*Dominant body posture: taking up a lot of space (postural expansion)
* Submissive body posture: taking up little space, make yourself smaller
(postural constriction)
当其中一方选择主导的话，另外一方就会选择顺从
*With complementarity (opposite posture): interaction experienced as more
pleasant, partner judged as nicer
*With similarity in posture (cf. mimicry), interaction is experienced as
relatively unpleasant.
—————————————
Negotiating hierarchy 协商层级关系
* Nonverbal ‘status’ position
*Submissive:顺从行为
*Hedges (“sort of, maybe”)模糊语言
*Hesitations 犹豫
* Tag questions (toch?)附加疑问句
*Higher vocal pitch, low volume 较高的音调，低音量
*Turn taking: not interrupting 不打断
* Eye gaze: divert 眼神避开
*On these types of behaviors (control): more likely complementarity.
* Vs. affliliation related behaviors:more likely mimicry
Lecture (2)
Facial appearance and social judgment
, Attrativeness bias (吸引力偏见):
* symmetrical 对称的 and average (!) face
* judged as more likeable, socially competent 有 能 力 的 , outgoing, intelligent,
healthy
Halo effect (光环效应)：
* initial positive evaluation of a person induces more positive evaluations of
other characteristic
Baby-face bias:
*round face, large eyes, small jawbones, high forehead, samll chin 下巴
*rated as more naive, sweet weak, houest, helpless, kind, less competent, less
dominant
* facial features are linked to judgments of personality
^ 0.1 sec 大脑作出反应 high consensus (pos. correlation) among judges
* our brain categorises faces automatically
*NB: perceptions reflect visual stereotypes, not real personality
characteristics.
# real word consequence 影响: discrimination(faceism) 歧视（面貌主义）
：投票给看起来有能力的人
#physiclly attractive 身体吸引力
：美女更容易被帮助
#baby-face
:诉讼中被认为无辜
#social categorization and stereotypes: prejudice and discrimination based on
gender, age, ethnicity, religion, boby weight etc.
⬇
*shooting bias experiment
* paricipants respond faster and more accurately (less errors) when targets
confrom to cultural stereotypes, but respond slower and inaccuratedly when
targets violate those stereotypes 更符合刻板印象反应越快
#participants with stronger stereotypes (aggression, violence, and danger)
show more extreme bias
#participants exposed to a stereotype-congruent newspaper articles show
greater bias
stereotypes and behavior
* Facial features (e.g. skin colour) activate stereotypes
* Stereotypes subtly(轻微) influences our interpersonal behavior
*(Mostly) outside awareness - automatic (unconscious, no awareness,
unintentional, uncontrolable)
: A first inpression can be (mis)leading for how we behave in an interpersonal
interaction
Lecture (1)
（1）The source-receiver model (linear)
（2）Transactional model 交互模式
: Transactive 交易的
cooperate/collaboration
Ongoing process
Adapting
Create mutual 相互的 meaning
人和人之间有 noise
> conversation as
*transactive
*joint action
*interdependence（相互依赖），reciprocity(相互回报）
*interpretation about meanings and intentions on both side
*Much is left unsaid （很多内容未能说出口）-有些信息通过支取与验货，双方理解来传
达
—————————————————
Language is ambiguous & Derek Bentley (England, 1952)
Misinterpretations
exmple:
(unintentional) touch / eycontact
Sexual overperception bias: the tendency to believe that others are more
sexually interested in you than they actually are (Haselton, 2003). Particularly
found for men (not women) Link #metoo
About how we understand each other
*it has primarily to do with people and what they mean — intentions (Clark &
Schober, 1992)
How do we come to understand each others’ intentions?
⬇️
Important topics in IPC:
* A learning conversation (Stone et al.)
* Common ground / grounding 共同基础
*Perspective taking (own perspective vs the other’s) 视角转换
* Egocentrism vs the third story 自我为中心 vs 第三方视角
* Self disclosure 自我揭露
* Questioning, reflecting, listening
⬇influence⬇️
*context 情境
,*behavior of conversation partners
*medium 媒介
———————————
Context dimensions（纬度）:
* Set induction 设置引导
*Physical environment 环境
* Temporal factors 时间
* Social psychological factors 社会心理
*Interpersonal relationship (roles, status, history) 人际关系
* Communication history (common ground) 交流历史
*Culture 文化
* Type of situation (e.g.. ‘scripts’) 情景类型———比如说两个人约会一天的情境
—————————————
Behavior and mutual understanding
Behavior of conversation partners determines the course of conversations
：Interdependence! （相互依赖）
Important topics in IPC:
* Nonverbal behavior: haptics 触觉, kinesics 身体动作, posture 姿势, gaze 注视
etc.
* (Non) verbal dominance（主导性）: turn taking (interrupting,silences)
*Questioning (open vs closed, leading, probing)
* Reflecting, reinforcement 强化
* Listening
*Response styles: assertiveness （果断）vs. agression（攻击）
———————————————
The medium and mutual understanding
：Medium determines which (interactive) behaviour is
possible, which signals go back and forth.
Important topics in IPC:
* Constraints and affordances of different media.不同媒介的性限制与功能
*Media richness 丰富度
* Social presence 社会存在感
———————————-
Purposes of nonverbal communication
* Replacing, complementing 补充 and modifying verbal
communication
*Regulating conversations 调节对话
* Expressing emotions and interpersonal attitudes 人际态度
* Negotiating relationships 协调
*Conveying personal and social identity
* Contextualising interaction 提供互动的背景
(Hargie, ch. 3)
,—————————————-
Negotiating relationships- Nonconscious Mimicry 模仿
*Facial mimicry 面部模仿
*Speech: linguistic style matching 言语模仿
*Emotion/mood contagion 情绪传染
*Behavior matching 行为匹配
———————————————-
Nonverbal Mimicry
* Mimicry 模仿 ccurs automatically (unconscious, no awareness,unintentional,
uncontrolable)
*With more mimicry: interaction experienced as more pleasant, interaction
partner judged as nicer
* Cf. Communication Accomodation Theory (ICW), Howie Giles: converging (vs.
diverging)
* Neurological explanation: Mirror neurons 神经元解释
*Perceiving an action activates motor cortex => “motor readiness” to perform
the same action.
————————————
Nonverbal complentarity 互补性
*Dominant body posture: taking up a lot of space (postural expansion)
* Submissive body posture: taking up little space, make yourself smaller
(postural constriction)
当其中一方选择主导的话，另外一方就会选择顺从
*With complementarity (opposite posture): interaction experienced as more
pleasant, partner judged as nicer
*With similarity in posture (cf. mimicry), interaction is experienced as
relatively unpleasant.
—————————————
Negotiating hierarchy 协商层级关系
* Nonverbal ‘status’ position
*Submissive:顺从行为
*Hedges (“sort of, maybe”)模糊语言
*Hesitations 犹豫
* Tag questions (toch?)附加疑问句
*Higher vocal pitch, low volume 较高的音调，低音量
*Turn taking: not interrupting 不打断
* Eye gaze: divert 眼神避开
*On these types of behaviors (control): more likely complementarity.
* Vs. affliliation related behaviors:more likely mimicry
Lecture (2)
Facial appearance and social judgment
, Attrativeness bias (吸引力偏见):
* symmetrical 对称的 and average (!) face
* judged as more likeable, socially competent 有 能 力 的 , outgoing, intelligent,
healthy
Halo effect (光环效应)：
* initial positive evaluation of a person induces more positive evaluations of
other characteristic
Baby-face bias:
*round face, large eyes, small jawbones, high forehead, samll chin 下巴
*rated as more naive, sweet weak, houest, helpless, kind, less competent, less
dominant
* facial features are linked to judgments of personality
^ 0.1 sec 大脑作出反应 high consensus (pos. correlation) among judges
* our brain categorises faces automatically
*NB: perceptions reflect visual stereotypes, not real personality
characteristics.
# real word consequence 影响: discrimination(faceism) 歧视（面貌主义）
：投票给看起来有能力的人
#physiclly attractive 身体吸引力
：美女更容易被帮助
#baby-face
:诉讼中被认为无辜
#social categorization and stereotypes: prejudice and discrimination based on
gender, age, ethnicity, religion, boby weight etc.
⬇
*shooting bias experiment
* paricipants respond faster and more accurately (less errors) when targets
confrom to cultural stereotypes, but respond slower and inaccuratedly when
targets violate those stereotypes 更符合刻板印象反应越快
#participants with stronger stereotypes (aggression, violence, and danger)
show more extreme bias
#participants exposed to a stereotype-congruent newspaper articles show
greater bias
stereotypes and behavior
* Facial features (e.g. skin colour) activate stereotypes
* Stereotypes subtly(轻微) influences our interpersonal behavior
*(Mostly) outside awareness - automatic (unconscious, no awareness,
unintentional, uncontrolable)
: A first inpression can be (mis)leading for how we behave in an interpersonal
interaction
