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This is a set of notes based on the lecture slides. I used it for my own revision and got a 9.7 in the exam, so it’s quite aligned with the key points. Many of the annotations are in Chinese, and the examples are also written in Chinese, so it’s more suitable for students who can read Simplified Chinese.

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统计学
--- 必须通过版


module 1 自学部分

knowledge clip
·基础概念
Cases - characteristics -➡ Variables
具体的人,组织 下面的分类 e.g. 头发颜色,年龄
【need to vary 变化】e.g. 每个 team 不同城市- variation 必须




Variable 变 量 Constant 常 数
Levels of measurement 老师总结
1. Interval vs. Ratio 的区别
difference order similar meaningful zero
• Interval:数据有固定间隔,但零点是人为设定的,不能进行倍数比较。
intervals point
• Ratio:数据有固定间隔,零点是绝对的(true zero),可以进行倍数计算(比如 “A 是 B 的
不能说明哪个 category 更好 nominal + - - -
两倍”)。
有顺序,比如比赛名次,但是区 ordinal + + - -
Categorical
2. 间分类不一定均等 e.g.满意度

为 “非常满意”比“满意”高,但

什 两者之间的差距可能不同于“满

么 意”和“一般”之间的差距。

Cels
ius 每个 category 区间差距 interval + + + -
温 都是一样的


Quantitative 是不是有绝对呢 0 ratio + + + +
点(不能是人为的)


Inte
rval
Discrete 离散型 set of separate numbers e.g. 进球个数 3

Continuous 连续型 infinite 无限的 region 区域 of values e.g. 身高 1.75


,原本有些人认为 Age 是 Interval 的例子,但其实它更常被归为 Ratio。
• 更好的 Interval 例子是 温度:
• 为什么? 因为 0°C 不是“真正的零”(不是完全没有温度)。
例如:
• 昨天是 10°C,今天是 20°C,但你不能说今天**“比昨天热两倍”**。
• 因为如果转换为 Fahrenheit:
• 10°C = 50°F
• 20°C = 68°F
• 这里的比例不同,说明 Celsius 的零点是人为设定的,而不是绝对的零点。
• 所以 Celsius 温度是 Interval。




介 绍 怎 么 去 order 和 present 这 些 case 和

variables

第 一 种 Data matrix 数 据 矩 阵


data matrix

|

all statistical analyses

|

summary of data

有一些缺失的信息我们需要删掉

Frequency table
hows the values are distributed over the cases

,1. Categorical




2.


recoded the variable 重新编码
体重从 66.3,66.4,66.5 这种 quantitative variable recoded 成了“2”所述

的 ordinal variable with 5 categories (这个变化是非常容易的,反着不可能)




总结

(1) data matrix -source- all statistical analyses

(2) present your finds- summary of data e.g frequency tables is necessary,

recoded ur quantitative variables into ordinal ones

, 各种表格
Categorical

pie chart:immediately percentage

bar chart:easily retrieve 提取 exact numbe(high number 适合 bar chart)

----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------ ------ ----- ----- ----- -----

quantitative

Summarize/visualize a quantitative variable: dot plot and histogram

many observation - histogram (underlying continuous scale)

— dot plot,useful when you have a same sample




Q1(第一个四分位数)是数据从最小值到中位数之间的中点。

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