Exam 1 Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function updated
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e2ynvr
1. Comparative Physiology: The study of how different species have solved prob-
lems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative phys-
iology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.
2. Hippocrates: Greek physician, the "father" of medicine. He and his followers
established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, that is still re-cited
in modern form by graduating physicians at some medical schools.
3. Aristotle: One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology.
He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural
causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or phys-
iologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the
nineteenth century, physicians were called " doctors of physic." In his anatomy book,
On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among
other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of
simple components— a perspective that we will find useful later in this chapter.
4. Claudius Galen: Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential
medical textbook of the ancient era— a book worshipped to excess by medical
professors for centuries to follow.
5. Maimonides: Jewish physician - Moses ben Maimon. A highly admired rabbi,
Mai-monides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but also wrote 10
influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases.
6. Avicenna or " the Galen of Islam": Most highly regarded medical scholar
among Muslims. His textbook was "The Canon of Medicine" the leading authority
in European medical schools for over 500 years.
7. Andreas Vesalius: Taught anatomy in Italy. Wrote the first Atlas
8. William Harvey: What Vesalius was to anatomy, Harvey was to physiology. Har-
vey is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a little book he
published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis ( On the Motion of
the Heart).
9. Michael Servetus: He & Harvey were the first Western scientists to realize that
blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs
and back to the heart again.
10. Robert Hooke: An Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds,
including the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end— an
objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and
an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the ob-server's eye, which magnifies the first image
still further.
11. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (
single- lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of
fabrics. His microscope was a bead-like lens mounted in a metal plate equipped
1/8
, Exam 1 Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function updated
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e2ynvr
with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than
Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification ( up to 200×) owing to
Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique.
12. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Concluded that all organisms
were composed of cells.
13. Francis Bacon in England and René Descartes in France: They are credited
with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new
in nature or inventing any techniques— for neither man was a scientist— but by
inventing new habits of scientific thought. based on assumptions and methods that
yield reliable, objective, testable information about nature.
14. Scientific method: Refers less to observational procedures than to certain
habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest
analysis of one's observations and conclusions. It is especially important in health
science to understand these habits.
15. Inductive Method: First prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions
from them. What we know of anatomy is a product of the inductive method.
16. Hypothetico- deductive method: The confirmation theory that a hypothesis is
confirmed when all of it logical consequences turn out to be true.
17. Hypothesis: An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and po-
tentially falsified by experimentation or data collection. An educated speculation or
possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what
is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence.
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question.
18. Falsifiability: If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to
specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove
it wrong, then it is not scientific.
19. Placebo: A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
20. Scientific fact: Information that can be independently verified by any trained
person— for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia.
21. Law of nature: A generalization about the predictable ways in matter and energy
behave. Laws do not govern the universe— they describe it.
22. Theory: An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws,
and confirmed hypotheses
23. Australopithecus ( aus- TRAL- oh- PITH- eh- (aus-TRAL-oh-PITH-eh- cus)-
: Most of the oldest bipedal primates are classified in this genus
24. Evolutionary medicine: Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be
traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live, and
the prehistoric environment to which Homo sapiens was biologically adapted.
2/8
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e2ynvr
1. Comparative Physiology: The study of how different species have solved prob-
lems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative phys-
iology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures.
2. Hippocrates: Greek physician, the "father" of medicine. He and his followers
established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, that is still re-cited
in modern form by graduating physicians at some medical schools.
3. Aristotle: One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology.
He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural
causes, which he called theologi, or natural ones, which he called physici or phys-
iologi. We derive such terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the
nineteenth century, physicians were called " doctors of physic." In his anatomy book,
On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to identify unifying themes in nature. Among
other points, he argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of
simple components— a perspective that we will find useful later in this chapter.
4. Claudius Galen: Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential
medical textbook of the ancient era— a book worshipped to excess by medical
professors for centuries to follow.
5. Maimonides: Jewish physician - Moses ben Maimon. A highly admired rabbi,
Mai-monides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but also wrote 10
influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases.
6. Avicenna or " the Galen of Islam": Most highly regarded medical scholar
among Muslims. His textbook was "The Canon of Medicine" the leading authority
in European medical schools for over 500 years.
7. Andreas Vesalius: Taught anatomy in Italy. Wrote the first Atlas
8. William Harvey: What Vesalius was to anatomy, Harvey was to physiology. Har-
vey is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a little book he
published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis ( On the Motion of
the Heart).
9. Michael Servetus: He & Harvey were the first Western scientists to realize that
blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs
and back to the heart again.
10. Robert Hooke: An Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds,
including the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at each end— an
objective lens near the specimen, which produces an initial magnified image, and
an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the ob-server's eye, which magnifies the first image
still further.
11. Antony van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (
single- lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of
fabrics. His microscope was a bead-like lens mounted in a metal plate equipped
1/8
, Exam 1 Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function updated
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e2ynvr
with a movable specimen clip. Even though his microscopes were simpler than
Hooke's, they achieved much greater useful magnification ( up to 200×) owing to
Leeuwenhoek's superior lens-making technique.
12. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann: Concluded that all organisms
were composed of cells.
13. Francis Bacon in England and René Descartes in France: They are credited
with putting science on the path to modernity, not by discovering anything new
in nature or inventing any techniques— for neither man was a scientist— but by
inventing new habits of scientific thought. based on assumptions and methods that
yield reliable, objective, testable information about nature.
14. Scientific method: Refers less to observational procedures than to certain
habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and honest
analysis of one's observations and conclusions. It is especially important in health
science to understand these habits.
15. Inductive Method: First prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions
from them. What we know of anatomy is a product of the inductive method.
16. Hypothetico- deductive method: The confirmation theory that a hypothesis is
confirmed when all of it logical consequences turn out to be true.
17. Hypothesis: An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and po-
tentially falsified by experimentation or data collection. An educated speculation or
possible answer to the question. A good hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what
is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence.
The purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a question.
18. Falsifiability: If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to
specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove
it wrong, then it is not scientific.
19. Placebo: A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
20. Scientific fact: Information that can be independently verified by any trained
person— for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to anemia.
21. Law of nature: A generalization about the predictable ways in matter and energy
behave. Laws do not govern the universe— they describe it.
22. Theory: An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws,
and confirmed hypotheses
23. Australopithecus ( aus- TRAL- oh- PITH- eh- (aus-TRAL-oh-PITH-eh- cus)-
: Most of the oldest bipedal primates are classified in this genus
24. Evolutionary medicine: Analyzes how human disease and dysfunctions can be
traced to differences between the artificial environment in which we now live, and
the prehistoric environment to which Homo sapiens was biologically adapted.
2/8
