DIPLOMA MODULE II
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
Definition – This refer to a technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and
expected cost to be incurred on a particular.
REQUIREMENTS IN ESTIMATION AND COSTING
i. Drawing – Plans, Elevation and Sections of important points.
ii. Specification – Detailed information about workmanship and properties of materials.
iii. Standard Schedules – Give the rates/prices of the current Year.
WHY DO WE (STUDY/NEED) ESTIMATION AND COSTING
❖ Give an idea of the cost the work and hence its feasibility (Study for determining whether the
project could be taken up with in the funds is determined.
❖ Give an idea of time required for completion of the work.
❖ It required to invite the tenders and quotations and arrange contract documents.
❖ Needed to control expenditure during execution of the work.
❖ It is required to decide whether the proposed plans matches the funds available or not.
PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATION OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING
❖ Preparing detailed estimate
❖ Calculating the rate of each unit of work
❖ Preparing abstract of estimate
DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
❖ Drawing i.e Plan, Elevations, Sections
❖ Specifications
❖ Rates
DRAWING – They should be clear with complete dimensions. The Estimator should read carefully
and confirm the details needed for preparing the Estimates. Any missing information should be
raised to avoid errors in the expected cost. The Estimator may use Query sheet by addressing it to
Engineer or Architect.
SPECIFICATIONS- There are two types of Specifications namely General Specifications and Detailed
specifications.
i. General Specifications- The give nature , quality , Class, work , materials in general terms to
be used in various parts of the work sections.
ii. Detailed Specifications- This give the detailed description of various items of work laying
down the quantities of Materials , their proportion , the method of preparation ,
workmanship and Execution.
RATES- For preparing the estimate the units rates of each item of work are required.
i. They are require for arriving at unit rates for each item.
ii. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction
iii. The cost of transport and materials
iv. The wages of labour , skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, welders painters,
plant opertaors
, SITE OFFICE PROCEDURE
ROLE OF ESTIMATOR/QUANTITY SURVEYOR
Generally they are responsible for estimation work of particular projects. They work by gathering
proposal , blue prints, specification and related documents. In addition they estimate labour,
materials required to achieve the cost of a give project. To achieve this they make use available data
to come up with possible rates for items to be used to fill blank bills of quantities.
PRE - CONTRACT STAGE (BEFORE)
❖ Initial Cost advice – The advice client on cost expected to finish a project.
❖ Approximate estimating- They provide the engineers estimate in consultation with engineers
❖ Cost planning – The participate in preparing budget for proposed project. They also do
cost analysis, come up with work plan, of expected project. Advice on cost implications.
❖ Bills of Quantities and Tender Documents- Prepares specifications, blank/draft bills for
tendering procedures.
❖ Prepares contractual documents ;- Advice of legal requirements. Specification writing
(Where the bills are not required)- draft of details, showing workmanship, quality of the
proposed project. Drawing, Agreement/LPO/LSO
❖ Tender Evaluation – Participate in selection of qualified/technical contractor to execute the
works. Annalise the quoted prices by various binders by doing technical auditing i.e
Arithmetic checks. Prepares as matric (summary) of the scores by various contractors using
laid criteria for selecting contractor by procumbent act.
❖ Value return- Advices the client on possible return after the project is completed
CONSTRUCTION STAGE (DURING)
❖ Valuation for Interim Certificates – Issuance of payment certificate in stage depending with
actual work done i.e Preliminaries, Substructures, Superstructures, finishes, external works
❖ Re-measurement of the whole or part of the works.- Participate in measuring the work done
in comparison to the specified bills of quantities.
❖ Measuring and valuing variations – analyses the variation (Alteration/changes in design) and
come up with cost of the changes using pro-rata rates.
❖ Day work Accounts- Records day works in consultation with clerk of works. Analyses out
comes by writing detailed progress report.
❖ Handles Confidential nature of contractor price-
❖ Fluctuations – monitor changes that affect construction industry especially prices of
materials in the market, political interference.
❖ Cost control – Ensures that the project is with the budget and timeline set. Advice on cost
implications incase client, Architect, Engineer may purpose to make change mid-stream of
the project.
POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE (AFTER)
❖ Maintenance- Estimator advices on maintenance costs of the completed project by drafting
maintenance schedule/work plan. He advise on possible repairs by drafting corrective
procedure/measures of the breakdown of the items of the completed building.
❖ Final Account- Facilitate in settlement if final accounts
.Reconciliation/Harmonizing/Balancing- Issues release of retention.
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
Definition – This refer to a technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and
expected cost to be incurred on a particular.
REQUIREMENTS IN ESTIMATION AND COSTING
i. Drawing – Plans, Elevation and Sections of important points.
ii. Specification – Detailed information about workmanship and properties of materials.
iii. Standard Schedules – Give the rates/prices of the current Year.
WHY DO WE (STUDY/NEED) ESTIMATION AND COSTING
❖ Give an idea of the cost the work and hence its feasibility (Study for determining whether the
project could be taken up with in the funds is determined.
❖ Give an idea of time required for completion of the work.
❖ It required to invite the tenders and quotations and arrange contract documents.
❖ Needed to control expenditure during execution of the work.
❖ It is required to decide whether the proposed plans matches the funds available or not.
PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATION OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING
❖ Preparing detailed estimate
❖ Calculating the rate of each unit of work
❖ Preparing abstract of estimate
DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
❖ Drawing i.e Plan, Elevations, Sections
❖ Specifications
❖ Rates
DRAWING – They should be clear with complete dimensions. The Estimator should read carefully
and confirm the details needed for preparing the Estimates. Any missing information should be
raised to avoid errors in the expected cost. The Estimator may use Query sheet by addressing it to
Engineer or Architect.
SPECIFICATIONS- There are two types of Specifications namely General Specifications and Detailed
specifications.
i. General Specifications- The give nature , quality , Class, work , materials in general terms to
be used in various parts of the work sections.
ii. Detailed Specifications- This give the detailed description of various items of work laying
down the quantities of Materials , their proportion , the method of preparation ,
workmanship and Execution.
RATES- For preparing the estimate the units rates of each item of work are required.
i. They are require for arriving at unit rates for each item.
ii. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction
iii. The cost of transport and materials
iv. The wages of labour , skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, welders painters,
plant opertaors
, SITE OFFICE PROCEDURE
ROLE OF ESTIMATOR/QUANTITY SURVEYOR
Generally they are responsible for estimation work of particular projects. They work by gathering
proposal , blue prints, specification and related documents. In addition they estimate labour,
materials required to achieve the cost of a give project. To achieve this they make use available data
to come up with possible rates for items to be used to fill blank bills of quantities.
PRE - CONTRACT STAGE (BEFORE)
❖ Initial Cost advice – The advice client on cost expected to finish a project.
❖ Approximate estimating- They provide the engineers estimate in consultation with engineers
❖ Cost planning – The participate in preparing budget for proposed project. They also do
cost analysis, come up with work plan, of expected project. Advice on cost implications.
❖ Bills of Quantities and Tender Documents- Prepares specifications, blank/draft bills for
tendering procedures.
❖ Prepares contractual documents ;- Advice of legal requirements. Specification writing
(Where the bills are not required)- draft of details, showing workmanship, quality of the
proposed project. Drawing, Agreement/LPO/LSO
❖ Tender Evaluation – Participate in selection of qualified/technical contractor to execute the
works. Annalise the quoted prices by various binders by doing technical auditing i.e
Arithmetic checks. Prepares as matric (summary) of the scores by various contractors using
laid criteria for selecting contractor by procumbent act.
❖ Value return- Advices the client on possible return after the project is completed
CONSTRUCTION STAGE (DURING)
❖ Valuation for Interim Certificates – Issuance of payment certificate in stage depending with
actual work done i.e Preliminaries, Substructures, Superstructures, finishes, external works
❖ Re-measurement of the whole or part of the works.- Participate in measuring the work done
in comparison to the specified bills of quantities.
❖ Measuring and valuing variations – analyses the variation (Alteration/changes in design) and
come up with cost of the changes using pro-rata rates.
❖ Day work Accounts- Records day works in consultation with clerk of works. Analyses out
comes by writing detailed progress report.
❖ Handles Confidential nature of contractor price-
❖ Fluctuations – monitor changes that affect construction industry especially prices of
materials in the market, political interference.
❖ Cost control – Ensures that the project is with the budget and timeline set. Advice on cost
implications incase client, Architect, Engineer may purpose to make change mid-stream of
the project.
POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE (AFTER)
❖ Maintenance- Estimator advices on maintenance costs of the completed project by drafting
maintenance schedule/work plan. He advise on possible repairs by drafting corrective
procedure/measures of the breakdown of the items of the completed building.
❖ Final Account- Facilitate in settlement if final accounts
.Reconciliation/Harmonizing/Balancing- Issues release of retention.
