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Lectureg1.1:gOverviewgofgImmunology

1) Appreciategthegchallengegthatgconfrontsgthegimmunegsystemgduegtogthegdiversegarray
gofgpossibleginfectiousgprocessesgthatgitgmustgprotectgagainst.

Thegimmunegsystemgprotectsgagainstg4gdifferentgclassesgofgpathogens:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasitesg(protozoagandgworms)
Eachgpathogenghasguniquegcharacteristicsg(replicationglocationgwithinghuman,glifegcyclegcomple
xity,grecognitiongtargets)gthatgmakesgitgvitalgforgthegimmunegsystemgtogbegadaptable.gg

Theregaregtwogtypesgofgimmunegresponses:ginnategandgacquiredgimmunity.

Innate Acquired
- -
Initialgencountergw/gpot Effectorgcellsg(lymphocyt
entialgpathogen. es)ghaveghugegarraygofgs
pecificities.
-
Controlsginfectiongforgfir -
stg4-5gdays. Clonalgexpansiongandgm
emorygofgresponsegthatg
-
makesgitgmuchgmoregeff
Responsegidenticalgeachg
ectivegifgitgencountersgpa
timegagspecificgpathogen
thogengagain.
gisgencountered.




2) Recognizegandgdistinguishgthegdifferentgtypesgandgfunctionsgofgthegimmunegcells,gandg
theirgbasicgrolesgingangimmunegresponse.
Everygimmunegcellgisgderivedgfromgbonegmarrow.ggThegprogenitorgcellgisgcalledgaghematopoieti
cgstemgcellgandgitggivesgrisegtog3gprogenitorgcells:
• CommongErythroid/MegakaryocytegProgenitorg
o RBCs
o Megakaryocytes
▪ Platelets
• CommongMyloidgProgenitor
o PurelygInnategImmunegcells
▪ Granulocytesg(neutrophils,geosinophils,gbasophils)
▪ Dendriticgcells
▪ Monocytes/Macrophages
▪ Mastgcells
• CommongLymphoidgProgenitor
o 1gPurelygInnategImmunegcellg(NKgcells)
o AdaptivegImmunegsystemgcellsg(Lymphocytes)
▪ BgCells
▪ TgCells

,ThegcellsgofgthegInnategandgAcquiredgImmunegsystemgdiffergingagfewgways:
• InnategcellsgDOgNOTgexpressghighlygspecificgreceptorsgongtheirgsurfaceg(theygexpressgpa
ttern-recognitiongreceptorsg(PRRs)gthatgrecognizegpathogen-
associatedgmoleculargpatternsg(PAMPs).
• Acquiredgcellsgproduceghighlygspecificgreceptorsgthatgrecognizegspecificgstructuresgofgagp
articulargpathogen.

ProfessionalgAntigengPresentinggCells-
gcellsgthatghavegagcriticalgrolegingtheginitiationgofgadaptivegimmunegresponses.

• ProcessgandgpresentgantigengtogT-Cells
• Ex.gDendriticgCells,gMacrophagesg(purelyginnategcells),gandgBgcellsg(adaptivegimmunegsy
stem)

3) Recognizegandgrecallgthegprimaryglymphoidgtissuesgandgdescribegwhichgimmunegcellsg
developgingeach.
Thegprimaryglymphoidgtissuesgaregwheregallgimmunegcellsgareggenerated.ggThesegaregthegboneg
marrowg(wheregallgprecursorgimmunegcellsgareggenerated)gandgthegthymusg(wheregthymocytes
gmigrategtogandgundergogdevelopmentgintogmaturegnaïvegTgcells).



4) Recognizegandgrecallgthegorganizationgofgthegsecondaryglymphoidgtissues.
Thegsecondaryglymphoidgtissuesgaregwheregallgacquiredgimmunegresponsesgareginitiated.
• Spleen
o Bloodg“filter”
o StoragegofgRBCsgandgremovalgofgoldgRBCs
o Importantgsecondaryglymphoidgorgan
• LymphgNodes
o Highlygorganizedgsecondaryglymphoidgtissuesgthatgaregconnectedgviaglymphaticgv
essels
• Peyer’sgPatches
o MostgorganizedgtissuegofgGALTg(gutgassociatedglymphoidgtissue)
• MALTg(Mucosagassociatedglymphoidgtissue)gof:
o GIgTract:gGALT
o RespiratorygTract:gBALTg(bronchusgassociated)
o Eye:gCALTg(conjunctivagassociated)
o Nose:gNALTg(nasalgassociated)
o Skin,gBreasts,gthyroidgandgsalivarygglands

, Lectureg1.2:gOverviewgofgImmunology

1) Acquiregagbroadgunderstandinggofgthegacquiredgimmunitygasgangintroductiongtogthegi
mmunologygportiongofgthisgcourse.




Notgalwaysgtrue!

NOTgtruegofgBgcellsg(a
ffinitygmaturation)

NOTgtrue,gautoimmun
egdisease!




SomaticgRecombination-
guniquegmechanismgthatgallowsggenerationgofgtremendousgrepertoire
gofgantibodygandgTgcellgreceptorgspecificities.


2gFormsgofgantigen-specificgreceptors:
• Antibodies-gantigen-specificgreceptorsgandgeffectorgmoleculesgofgBgCells
o Mostgeffectivegforgclearinggpathogensgthatglivegingextracellulargspacesgwithingthe
ghost

• TgCellgreceptors-gthegantigen-specificgreceptorsgofgTgCells
o Mostgeffectivegforgclearinggpathogensgthatgliveginsidegcellsgofgtheginfectedghost


2) Recognizegandgrecallgthegterminologygthatgwillgbegusedgthroughoutgthegimmunologygs
ectiongofgthisgcourse.
Antigen-g(antigengdeterminant)ganygligandgthatgbindsgtogBgcellg(BCR)gorgTgcellg(TCR)greceptors
• Antibodiesgcangbindgtogalmostganygformg(particulategorgsoluble)gorgcompositiong(protein
,gcarb,gnucleicgacid,glipid)gofgantigen.
• TgCellsgONLYgrecognizegpeptidegantigensgthatgaregdisplayedgongonegofgtwogtypesgofghost
gproteins.

, MajorgHistocompatabilitygComplexgMolecules-
g(MHCs)gbindgtogpeptidesgandg“present”gthemgtogTgcells

• ClassgI:gfoundgongalmostgallghostgcellsg(enablesgimmunegsystemgtogrecognizegagpathogen
gasgintracellulargandgtogfashiongappropriategtypegofgimmunegresponse).

o NaivegCD8gTgcellgrecognizesgpeptidegongClassgIgMHC
o CytotoxicgTgcellgrecognizesgcomplexgofgviralgpeptidegwithgMHCgclassgIgtogkillginfec
tedgcell.




• ClassgII:gfoundgonlygongimmunegcellsg(APCs)g(enablesgimmunegsystemgtogrecognizegagpat
hogengasgextracellulargandgtogfashiongappropriategtypegofgimmunegresponse).
o NaïvegCD4gTgcellgrecognizesgpeptidegongClassgIIgMHC