4/5/25, 10:03
PM
NSG-530 QUIZ 2 AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Type I alveolar cells (alveolar structure)
alveoli epithelial cells
Type II alveolar cells (surfactant production)
1. Which of the following is TRUE Correct Answer: D
regarding the pulmonary system?
The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. The mediastinum is located
A. Each lobe is divided into bronchi. between the lungs and contains the heart, great vessels, andesophagus. The
B. The left lobe is divided into three right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is divided into
lobes. segments and lobules
C. The mediastinum contains the
lungs and heart.
D. The larynx connects the
upper and lower airways.
Neurochemical control: Respiratory • Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
center • Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
• Irritant receptors
Neurochemical control: Lung receptors
• Stretch receptors
Central chemoreceptors
Neurochemical control: Chemoreceptors:
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Muscles of Breathing: Major muscles of Diaphragm
inspiration External intercostals
Muscles of Breathing: Accessory muscles ØSternocleidomastoid muscle
of inspiration ØScalene muscles
Four steps
ØVentilation of the lungs
ØDiffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
Mechanics of Breathing: Gas Transport
ØPerfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
ØDiffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells
Diffusion of CO2 occurs in reverse order
1.A patient has bulbous enlargement A
of the distal segments of the fingers.
Which disease is associated with this This condition describes clubbing, in which there is enlargement of the distal
condition? segment of the finger. It is associated with conditions of decreased oxygenation
such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and
A.Cystic fibrosis congenital heart disease.
B.Acute pneumonia
C.Sickle cell disease
D.Acute myocardial infarction
An open wound to the chest that allows air to enter the pleural space and cause
Open pneumothorax
lung collapse
a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing
tension pneumothorax severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great
vessels.
Spontaneous (primary) pneumothorax Occurs in the absence of a traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease
Underlying lung disease leads to weakened small airways which collapse with
secondary pneumothorax
respirations.
fluid in pleural space
ØTransudative (watery)
ØExudative (WBCs and plasma proteins)
Pleural effusion
ØHemothorax (blood)
ØEmpyema (pus)
Chylothorax (chyle)
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ØAcute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury that results from
injury or severe inflammation
• Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph
Acute respiratory distress • Low ratio of PaO2 to FiO2
syndrome (ARDS) ØThree phases:
• Exudative (within 72 hours)
• Proliferative (4 to 21 days)
• Fibrotic (14 to 21 days)
2. Which of the following is TRUE Correct Answer: B
regarding acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)? Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by damage that is
done to the alveolar capillary membrane and causes severe pulmonary
A. It is caused by injury to the bronchioles. edema. The most common cause of ARDS is either sepsis or multiple trauma.
B. It can cause severe pulmonary Macrophages, neutrophils, complement, and endotoxins are all important
edema. mediators.
C. It is most commonly caused by
exposure to inhaled irritants.
D. Macrophages are not
involved in response.
ØChronic inflammation of the airways
ØCauses bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and reversible
airflow obstruction
Asthma ØPulsus paradoxus, status asthmaticus
ØSymptoms include expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, and tachypnea
ØPeak flow meters, corticosteroids, beta agonist inhalers, and anti-
inflammatories used to treat
ØAbnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied
by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
Obstructive Lung Diseases: Emphysema ØInherited deficit of α1-antitrypsin
ØLoss of elastic recoil
ØAir trapping
3. Which of the Correct Answer: C
following is TRUE regarding the
pathophysiology of asthma? Asthma is caused by increased bronchial smooth muscle spasm and increased
vascular permeability. IgE is the major factor. There is increased capillary
A. IgA is the major factor. permeability. Inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation, increased capillary
B. There is decreased permeability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction
vascular permeability. (bronchospasm), and mucus secretion from mucosal goblet cells with narrowing
C. Inflammation results in of the airways and obstruction to airflow.
hyperresponsiveness.
D. The inflammatory process is
caused by the loss of bronchial
smooth muscle
spasm.
ØAcute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi
ØCommonly follows a viral illness
Acute bronchitis
ØAcute bronchitis causes symptoms similar tothose of pneumonia but does not
demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates
ØLower respiratory tract infection
ØCaused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites
ØTypes:
• Community acquired
Pneumonia
(CAP) Streptococcus
pneumoniae Influenza
• Healthcare acquired (HCAP)
• Ventilator-associated (VAP)
2/
7
PM
NSG-530 QUIZ 2 AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Type I alveolar cells (alveolar structure)
alveoli epithelial cells
Type II alveolar cells (surfactant production)
1. Which of the following is TRUE Correct Answer: D
regarding the pulmonary system?
The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. The mediastinum is located
A. Each lobe is divided into bronchi. between the lungs and contains the heart, great vessels, andesophagus. The
B. The left lobe is divided into three right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is divided into
lobes. segments and lobules
C. The mediastinum contains the
lungs and heart.
D. The larynx connects the
upper and lower airways.
Neurochemical control: Respiratory • Dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
center • Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
• Irritant receptors
Neurochemical control: Lung receptors
• Stretch receptors
Central chemoreceptors
Neurochemical control: Chemoreceptors:
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Muscles of Breathing: Major muscles of Diaphragm
inspiration External intercostals
Muscles of Breathing: Accessory muscles ØSternocleidomastoid muscle
of inspiration ØScalene muscles
Four steps
ØVentilation of the lungs
ØDiffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
Mechanics of Breathing: Gas Transport
ØPerfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
ØDiffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells
Diffusion of CO2 occurs in reverse order
1.A patient has bulbous enlargement A
of the distal segments of the fingers.
Which disease is associated with this This condition describes clubbing, in which there is enlargement of the distal
condition? segment of the finger. It is associated with conditions of decreased oxygenation
such as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and
A.Cystic fibrosis congenital heart disease.
B.Acute pneumonia
C.Sickle cell disease
D.Acute myocardial infarction
An open wound to the chest that allows air to enter the pleural space and cause
Open pneumothorax
lung collapse
a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing
tension pneumothorax severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great
vessels.
Spontaneous (primary) pneumothorax Occurs in the absence of a traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease
Underlying lung disease leads to weakened small airways which collapse with
secondary pneumothorax
respirations.
fluid in pleural space
ØTransudative (watery)
ØExudative (WBCs and plasma proteins)
Pleural effusion
ØHemothorax (blood)
ØEmpyema (pus)
Chylothorax (chyle)
1/
7
, 4/5/25, 10:03
PM
ØAcute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury that results from
injury or severe inflammation
• Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph
Acute respiratory distress • Low ratio of PaO2 to FiO2
syndrome (ARDS) ØThree phases:
• Exudative (within 72 hours)
• Proliferative (4 to 21 days)
• Fibrotic (14 to 21 days)
2. Which of the following is TRUE Correct Answer: B
regarding acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)? Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by damage that is
done to the alveolar capillary membrane and causes severe pulmonary
A. It is caused by injury to the bronchioles. edema. The most common cause of ARDS is either sepsis or multiple trauma.
B. It can cause severe pulmonary Macrophages, neutrophils, complement, and endotoxins are all important
edema. mediators.
C. It is most commonly caused by
exposure to inhaled irritants.
D. Macrophages are not
involved in response.
ØChronic inflammation of the airways
ØCauses bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and reversible
airflow obstruction
Asthma ØPulsus paradoxus, status asthmaticus
ØSymptoms include expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, and tachypnea
ØPeak flow meters, corticosteroids, beta agonist inhalers, and anti-
inflammatories used to treat
ØAbnormal permanent enlargement of the gas-exchange airways accompanied
by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis
Obstructive Lung Diseases: Emphysema ØInherited deficit of α1-antitrypsin
ØLoss of elastic recoil
ØAir trapping
3. Which of the Correct Answer: C
following is TRUE regarding the
pathophysiology of asthma? Asthma is caused by increased bronchial smooth muscle spasm and increased
vascular permeability. IgE is the major factor. There is increased capillary
A. IgA is the major factor. permeability. Inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation, increased capillary
B. There is decreased permeability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction
vascular permeability. (bronchospasm), and mucus secretion from mucosal goblet cells with narrowing
C. Inflammation results in of the airways and obstruction to airflow.
hyperresponsiveness.
D. The inflammatory process is
caused by the loss of bronchial
smooth muscle
spasm.
ØAcute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi
ØCommonly follows a viral illness
Acute bronchitis
ØAcute bronchitis causes symptoms similar tothose of pneumonia but does not
demonstrate pulmonary consolidation and chest infiltrates
ØLower respiratory tract infection
ØCaused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites
ØTypes:
• Community acquired
Pneumonia
(CAP) Streptococcus
pneumoniae Influenza
• Healthcare acquired (HCAP)
• Ventilator-associated (VAP)
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