NSG 530 MODULE 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

NSG 530 MODULE 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED Practice questions for this set Cell Atrophy decrease in cell size If enough cells affected, organ shrinks Atrophy The same changes occur whether it is normal or pathologic Cell Hypertrophy increase in cell size Increase in organ size Cell Hyperplasia increase in number of cells Increased rate of cellular division Compensatory hyperplasia adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate (liver, intestines,skin) Also callus from mechanical injury Wound healing Physiologic hyperplasia types Compensatory - enables organs to regenerate (callus, skin, liver) Hormonal - in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal control (ovary) - maintains normal function Pathologic hormonal hyperplasia Hormonal - abnormal proliferation of normal cells BPH, thick endometrium Cell Metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature cell type or a change in cell phenotype Associated with tissue damage, repair, regeneration Reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Cell Dysplasia Deranged cellular growth. Not considered a true cellular adaptation but rather atypical hyperplasia. Dysplasia Abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells May be reversible if triggering stimulus is removed Tissue appears disorderly but is not cancer If changes penetrate basement membrane: invasive neoplasm Physiologic Atrophy Normal event Occurs with early development, i.e. thymus gland Age-related changes Pathologic atrophy occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or neural stimulation I.e. limb in cast, bed rest, immobilization AKA disuse atrophy Atrophic muscle cells Less endoplasmic reticulum Fewer mitochondria Fewer myofilaments Atrophy secondary to chronic malnutrition associated with autophagy (self-eating) Autophagic vacuoles created within cell Lipofuscin Yellow-brown pigmented granules; lipid-containing residue that persists after lysosomal destruction Age spots Hypertrophy Occurs in response to mechanical load or stress Increase size of organ Heart and kidney especially prone Stretching, pressure, volume overload cause this Occurs in striated muscle