Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition BY RUSSELL C Hibbeler.

Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition BY RUSSELL C Hibbeler. "Shear Modulus of Elasticity (Modulus of Rigidity) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. A large shear modulus value indicates a solid is highly rigid. In other words, a large force is required to produce deformation. 2. A small shear modulus value indicates a solid is soft or flexible. Little force is needed to deform it. 3. One definition of a fluid is a substance with a shear modulus of zero. Any force deforms its surface." "Creep - CORRECT ANSWER A time-dependent deformation under a certain applied load." "Rate of Creep - CORRECT ANSWER Both stress and/or temperature play an important role in this rate." "Creep Strength or Rupture Stress - CORRECT ANSWER The highest stress the material can withstand during a specified time without exceeding an allowable creep strain." "Fatigue - CORRECT ANSWER When a metal is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture." "Endurance/Fatigue Limit - CORRECT ANSWER Maximum force (stress) to which a material can be subjected in a cycle without failing, regardless of the number of cycles" "Chapter 4: Axial Loads - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 4: Axial Loads" "Live Loads - CORRECT ANSWER Those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, flood load or dead load." "Nominal Strength of a Member - CORRECT ANSWER The load when applied to the member, causes it either to fail (ultimate load), or deform to a state where it is no longer serviceable or becomes unsuitable for its intended purpose." "Chapter 2: Strain - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 2: Strain" "Deformation - CORRECT ANSWER The changes to a body's shape and size due to an applied force." "Normal Strain - CORRECT ANSWER The change in length of a line per unit length." "Shear Strain - CORRECT ANSWER The change in angle that occurs between two perpendicular line segments." "Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Materials - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 3: Mechanical Properties of Materials" "Extensometer - CORRECT ANSWER An instrument to measure change in length of a tensile specimen, thus allowing calculation of strain." "Electrical-Resistance Strain Gauge - CORRECT ANSWER A resistance element which changes resistance when subject to strain." "Stress-Strain Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material." "Nominal or Engineering Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Applied Load divided by the Original Cross-Sectional Area. This calculation assumes that the stress is constant over the cross section and throughout the gauge length." "Nominal or Engineering Strain - CORRECT ANSWER Specimen's new gauge length divided by the Original gauge length." "Convention Stress-Strain Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER When the vertical axis is Stress and the horizontal axis is Strain." "Elastic Behavior - CORRECT ANSWER returns to original shape" "Yielding - CORRECT ANSWER A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown of the material and cause it to deform permanently." "Yield Stress or Yield Point - CORRECT ANSWER The stress that causes yielding." "Plastic Deformation - CORRECT ANSWER The deformation that occurs during yielding." "Perfectly Plastic - CORRECT ANSWER Property of a material to undergo irreversible deformation without any increase in stresses or loads." "Strain Hardening - CORRECT ANSWER When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress." "Necking - CORRECT ANSWER Here the stress-strain diagram tends to curve downward until the specimen breaks at the fracture stress." "True Stress-Strain Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER Instead of always using the original cross-sectional area and specimen length to calculate the (engineering) stress and strain, we could have used the actual cross-sectional area and specimen length at the instant the load is measured. The values of stress and strain found from these measurements are called true stress and true strain, and a plot of their values is called the..." "Ductile Material - CORRECT ANSWER Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures." "Percent Elongation - CORRECT ANSWER The specimen's fracture strain expressed as a percent." "Percent Reduction in Area - CORRECT ANSWER A measure of the difference of the cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen before and after fracture. Percent reduction of area is a ration that expresses how much the specimen narrowed when compared to its original size. It is calculated by dividing the difference between the original and new cross-sectional areas at the point of failure by the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen." "Brittle Materials - CORRECT ANSWER Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure." "Hooke's Law - CORRECT ANSWER Based on the stress-strain diagrams, most engineering materials exhibit a linear relationship between stress and strain within the elastic region." "Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus) - CORRECT ANSWER Measure of stiffness of an object, defined as the amount of strain resulting from applying a given stress." "Permanent Set - CORRECT ANSWER The inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing deformation." "Strain Energy - CORRECT ANSWER This internal energy will be stored when material is deformed by an external load, because the load will do external work on the material." "Strain-Energy Density - CORRECT ANSWER strain energy per unit volume of material" "Prismatic - CORRECT ANSWER When all cross sections are the same throughout its length." "Homogeneous Material - CORRECT ANSWER A material that has the same physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume." "Isotropic Material - CORRECT ANSWER A material the has these same homogenous properties in all directions." "Axial or Normal Force Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A plot of the normal force versus its position along the bar's length." "Complementary Property of Shear - CORRECT ANSWER All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude and be directed either toward or away from each other at opposite edges of the element" "Pure Shear - CORRECT ANSWER When a material is under the conditions of the Complementary Property of Shear." "Factor of Safety - CORRECT ANSWER Ratio of failure load to the allowable load." "Allowable Stress Design - CORRECT ANSWER An unique design practice that is adopted by civil engineers while they work on their building projects. It is a practice which entails the designer ensuring that the stresses imposed on the structures owing to the service load don't exceed the elastic limit." "Limit State Design/Load and Resistance Factor Design - CORRECT ANSWER A degree of loading or other actions imposed on a structure can result in a 'limit state', where the structure's condition no longer fulfills its design criteria, such as; fitness for use, structural integrity, durability, and so on. Limit states are conditions of potential failure. All actions likely to occur during a structure's design life are considered during the LSD method, to ensure that the structure remains fit for use with appropriate levels of reliability. LSD involves estimating the subjected loads on a structure, choosing the sizes of members to check, and selecting the appropriate design criteria. LSD requires two principal criteria to be satisfied: the ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS)." "Dead loads (DL) - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed weight of structure itself and equipment" "Modulus of Resilience - CORRECT ANSWER Represents the largest amount of internal strain energy per unit volume the material can absorb without causing any permanent damage to the material." "Modulus of Toughness (UT) - CORRECT ANSWER Indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures" "Poisson's Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER For elastic deformation, the negative ratio of lateral and axial strains that result from an applied axial stress." "Saint-Venant's Principle - CORRECT ANSWER The stress and strain produced at points in a body sufficiently removed from the region of load application will be the same as the stress and strain produced by any applied loadings that have the same statically equivalent resultant, and are applied to the body within the same region." "Principle of Superposition - CORRECT ANSWER The resultant stress or displacement at the point can be determined by algebraically summing the stress or displacement caused by each load component applied separately to the member." "Statically Indeterminate - CORRECT ANSWER When the equilibrium equation(s) are not sufficient to determine the two reactions on the bar." "Compatibility/Kinematic Condition - CORRECT ANSWER An equation that specifies the conditions for displacement" "Load-Displacement Relationship - CORRECT ANSWER When a Compatibility/Kinematic Condition is express in terms of the applied loads." "Flexibility or Force Method of Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Solving statically indeterminate problems by writing the compatibility equation using the principle of superposition." "Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion - CORRECT ANSWER A material property that is indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon heating." "Thermal Stress - CORRECT ANSWER The stress induced as a result of restrained deformations due to changes in temperature." "Stress-Concentration Factor - CORRECT ANSWER The ratio of the maximum stress to the applied stress" "Elastic Perfectly Plastic or Elastoplastic - CORRECT ANSWER A material that may be designed so that the loading causes the material to yield and thereby permanently deform." "Residual Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Stresses that remain in an object (in particular, in a welded component) even in the absence of external loading or thermal gradients. In some cases, these stresses result in significant plastic deformation, leading to warping and distortion of an object." "Reactions - CORRECT ANSWER The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact between bodies." "Equilibrium of a Body - CORRECT ANSWER This requires a balance of forces and balance of moments." "Cross Section - CORRECT ANSWER The section to be considered is generally taken perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member." "Four different types of Resultant Loadings - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Normal Force 2. Shear Force 3. Torsional Moment or Torque 4. Bending Moment" "Normal Force - CORRECT ANSWER This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body." "Shear Force - CORRECT ANSWER The shear force lies in the plane of the area, and it is developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another." "Torsional Moment or Torque - CORRECT ANSWER This effect is developed when the external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area." "Bulge or Warp - CORRECT ANSWER What happens to Solid Noncircular Shafts when they experience torsion." "Shear Flow - CORRECT ANSWER The gradient of a shear stress caused by torsion on a closed, thin-walled tube" "Chapter 6: Bending - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 6: Bending" "Beams - CORRECT ANSWER Members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis." "Shear and Moment Diagrams - CORRECT ANSWER If the variation of V and M are written as functions of position, x, and plotted, the resulting graphs are called the shear diagram and the moment diagram." "Neutral Surface - CORRECT ANSWER In which longitudinal fibers of the material will not undergo a change in length" "Flexure Formula - CORRECT ANSWER It is used to determine the normal stress in a straight member, having a cross section that is symmetrical with respect to an axis, and the moment is applied perpendicular to this axis." "Allotropes - CORRECT ANSWER " " Bending Moment - CORRECT ANSWER The bending moment is caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the area." "Chapter 5: Torsion - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 5: Torsion" "Torque - CORRECT ANSWER A moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis." "Polar Moment of Inertia - CORRECT ANSWER A quantity used to describe resistance to torsional deformation (deflection), in cylindrical objects (or segments of cylindrical object) with an invariant cross-section and no significant warping or out-of-plane deformation." "Annulus - CORRECT ANSWER An annulus is a flat shape like a ring. Its edges are two circles that have the same center." "Torque Diagram - CORRECT ANSWER Much like a shear or moment diagram but for torsion." "Angle of Twist - CORRECT ANSWER For a shaft under torsional loading, the angle through which fixed end of a shaft rotates with respect to the free end" "Power - CORRECT ANSWER This is defined as the work performed per unit of time." "Chapter 1: Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Chapter 1: Stress" "External Loads - CORRECT ANSWER A body is subjected to only two types of external loads; namely, 1. Surface Forces 2. Body Forces" "Surface Forces - CORRECT ANSWER Caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another." "Concentrated Force - CORRECT ANSWER A force applied to a point on a surface." "Linear Distributed Load - CORRECT ANSWER A loading is measured as having an intensity of force/length along the strip and is represented graphically by a series of arrows along the line (s)." "Body Force - CORRECT ANSWER These forces are developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical contact between the bodies. Examples include the effects caused by the earth's gravitation or its electromagnetic field." "Coplanar Loadings - CORRECT ANSWER Loadings in the same plane. Example: X-Y plane." "Continuous Material - CORRECT ANSWER A material that has a continuum or uniform distribution of matter having no voids." "Cohesive Material - CORRECT ANSWER All portions of the material are connected together, without having breaks, cracks, or separations." "Stress - CORRECT ANSWER The intensity of the internal force action on a specific plane (area) passing through a point." "Normal Stress - CORRECT ANSWER The intensity of force acting normal to the area." "Shear Stress - CORRECT ANSWER The intensity of force acting tangent to the area." "State of Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Defined by the normal and shear stresses on the faces of an infinitesimal element."