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Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
u u u u u u u u u u u
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
u u u u
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
u u u u
MULTIPLE CHOICE u
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
u u u u
a. Acupuncture
uuu
b. Ayurveda
uuu
c. Polarity therapy
uuu u
d. Massage therapy
uuu u
ANS: D uu
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for th
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
erapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes. u u u u
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
uuu u u u u u u u
a. Mashesh uuu
b. Masso c uuu u
. Masser d.
uuu u
uuu Makeh
ANS: B uu
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u u u u u
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. 1600s uuu u
b. 1700s uuu u
c. 1800s uuu u
d. 1900s uuu
ANS: C uu
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-
u u u u u u u u u u u
based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or sim
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ply rubbing. u
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. India uuu
b. China c uuu u
. Egypt d.
uuu u uu
u Greece
ANS: B uu
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
u u u u u u u u u u
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Tao Te Ching
uuu u u
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b. Nei Ching
uuu u
c. Ayur-Veda
uuu
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
uuu u
ANS: B uu
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine k
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
nown as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work contains detai
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
led descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
u u u u u u u u u
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rapies?
a. Polarity
uuu
b. Shiatsu
uuu
c. Acupuncture
uuu
d. Amma
uuu
ANS: D uu
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese th
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
erapies, manual and energetic. u u u
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
uuu u u u u u u u
a. Ayurveda
uuu
b. Shiatsu c
uuu u
. Amma d.
uuu u uu
u Polarity
ANS: A uu
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Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the A
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
yur-
Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable healing p
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rocedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure of t
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
he thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
u u u u u u u u
a. Ayurveda
uuu
b. Shiatsu
uuu
c. Massage
uuu
d. Amma
uuu
ANS: B uu
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acu
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
puncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu t
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
herapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and feet.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u
a. Galen b.
uuu u
Celsus c.
uuu u uu
uRhazes
d. Hippocrates
uuu
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ANS: D uu
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
u u u u u u u u u u u u
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of m
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
odern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
East and the West?u u u
a. Rhazes uuu
b. Celsus uuu
c. Avicenna
uuu
d. Hippocrates
uuu
ANS: C uu
A text entitled
u u uu
or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenn
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a (980-
u
1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the h
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
istory of medicine in both the East and the West.
u u u u u u u u u
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Paré uuu
b. Harvey uuu
c. Galen uuu
d. Mezger uuu
ANS: A uu
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Ambroise Paré (1515- u u
1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat dislocated joints and other ort
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
hopedic conditions. u
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular co
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ntraction of the heart? u u u
a. Paré uuu
b. Galen uuu
c. Harvey uuu
d. Mezger uuu
ANS: C uu
English scientist William Harvey (1578–
u u u u
1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628. Harvey observed the hearts of living anima
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ls and determined that muscular contraction
u u u u u
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of m
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
assage as a therapeutic measure.
u u u u
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Johann Mezger
uuu u
b. Pehr H. Ling
uuu u u
c. George Henry Taylor
uuu u u
d. John Harvey Kellogg
uuu u u
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ANS: B uu
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
u u u u u u u u u u u
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
u u u u u u u u u
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
uuu u u u u u u u u
a. Shiatsu uuu
b. Ayurveda uuu
c. Thai massage
uuu u
d. Swedish massage
uuu u
ANS: D uu
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. Fo
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
r this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe ma
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ssage techniques? u
a. Johann Mezger b
uuu u u
. William Harvey c.
uuu u u
Pehr H. Ling
uuu u u
d. Charles Taylor
uuu u
ANS: A uu
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–
u u u u u
1909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage t
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
echniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislatio
u u u u u u u u u u u
n and massage curricula. French was the international language in the nineteenth century.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
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16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Tiffany Field
uuu u
b. Florence Nightingale
uuu u
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
uuu u u
d. John Harvey Kellogg
uuu u u
ANS: B uu
Florence Nightingale (1829- u u
1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She assumed patient care in hospit
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
als in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-
u u u u u u u
1856). She developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
17. French physician Lucas-
uuu u u
Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event? u u u u u u u u u u u
a. World War I b.
uuu u u u
World War II c.
uuu u u u uu
uCivil War u
d. Viet Nam War
uuu u u
ANS: A uu
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to reha
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
bilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-
u u u u u u u
1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injurie
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
s, particularly fractures.
u u
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and
u u u u u u u u u u u
Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations
u u u u
Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition
u u u u
MULTIPLE CHOICE u
1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes?
u u u u
a. Acupuncture
uuu
b. Ayurveda
uuu
c. Polarity therapy
uuu u
d. Massage therapy
uuu u
ANS: D uu
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for th
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
erapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes. u u u u
2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek?
uuu u u u u u u u
a. Mashesh uuu
b. Masso c uuu u
. Masser d.
uuu u
uuu Makeh
ANS: B uu
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit
makeh, and the French masTsE
erS. TBANKSELLER.COM
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
u u u u u
3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. 1600s uuu u
b. 1700s uuu u
c. 1800s uuu u
d. 1900s uuu
ANS: C uu
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-
u u u u u u u u u u u
based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or sim
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ply rubbing. u
4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. India uuu
b. China c uuu u
. Egypt d.
uuu u uu
u Greece
ANS: B uu
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC.
u u u u u u u u u u
5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Tao Te Ching
uuu u u
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b. Nei Ching
uuu u
c. Ayur-Veda
uuu
d. Corpus Hippocraticum
uuu u
ANS: B uu
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine k
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
nown as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work contains detai
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
led descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines.
u u u u u u u u u
6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rapies?
a. Polarity
uuu
b. Shiatsu
uuu
c. Acupuncture
uuu
d. Amma
uuu
ANS: D uu
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese th
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
erapies, manual and energetic. u u u
7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition?
uuu u u u u u u u
a. Ayurveda
uuu
b. Shiatsu c
uuu u
. Amma d.
uuu u uu
u Polarity
ANS: A uu
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Knowledge of amma massage traveled to the subcontinent of India from China and massage
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the A
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
yur-
Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable healing p
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rocedure.
8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure of t
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
he thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body?
u u u u u u u u
a. Ayurveda
uuu
b. Shiatsu
uuu
c. Massage
uuu
d. Amma
uuu
ANS: B uu
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acu
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
puncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu t
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
herapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and feet.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u
a. Galen b.
uuu u
Celsus c.
uuu u uu
uRhazes
d. Hippocrates
uuu
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ANS: D uu
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about
u u u u u u u u u u u u
disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of m
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
odern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
East and the West?u u u
a. Rhazes uuu
b. Celsus uuu
c. Avicenna
uuu
d. Hippocrates
uuu
ANS: C uu
A text entitled
u u uu
or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenn
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a (980-
u
1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the h
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
istory of medicine in both the East and the West.
u u u u u u u u u
11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Paré uuu
b. Harvey uuu
c. Galen uuu
d. Mezger uuu
ANS: A uu
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Ambroise Paré (1515- u u
1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat dislocated joints and other ort
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
hopedic conditions. u
12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular co
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ntraction of the heart? u u u
a. Paré uuu
b. Galen uuu
c. Harvey uuu
d. Mezger uuu
ANS: C uu
English scientist William Harvey (1578–
u u u u
1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628. Harvey observed the hearts of living anima
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ls and determined that muscular contraction
u u u u u
(systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of m
u u u u u u u u u u u u u
assage as a therapeutic measure.
u u u u
13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Johann Mezger
uuu u
b. Pehr H. Ling
uuu u u
c. George Henry Taylor
uuu u u
d. John Harvey Kellogg
uuu u u
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, TESTBANKSELLER.COM
ANS: B uu
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage
u u u u u u u u u u u
was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system.
u u u u u u u u u
14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System?
uuu u u u u u u u u
a. Shiatsu uuu
b. Ayurveda uuu
c. Thai massage
uuu u
d. Swedish massage
uuu u
ANS: D uu
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. Fo
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
r this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe ma
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
ssage techniques? u
a. Johann Mezger b
uuu u u
. William Harvey c.
uuu u u
Pehr H. Ling
uuu u u
d. Charles Taylor
uuu u
ANS: A uu
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–
u u u u u
1909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage t
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
echniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislatio
u u u u u u u u u u u
n and massage curricula. French was the international language in the nineteenth century.
u u u u u u u u u u u u
TESTBANKSELLER.COM
16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care?
uuu u u u u u u u u u u u u u
a. Tiffany Field
uuu u
b. Florence Nightingale
uuu u
c. Charles Fayette Taylor
uuu u u
d. John Harvey Kellogg
uuu u u
ANS: B uu
Florence Nightingale (1829- u u
1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She assumed patient care in hospit
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
als in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-
u u u u u u u
1856). She developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of.
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
17. French physician Lucas-
uuu u u
Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured during which event? u u u u u u u u u u u
a. World War I b.
uuu u u u
World War II c.
uuu u u u uu
uCivil War u
d. Viet Nam War
uuu u u
ANS: A uu
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to reha
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
bilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-
u u u u u u u
1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injurie
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
s, particularly fractures.
u u
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