1. Gastroesophageal Diseases
a. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
● Cause: Weak lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, pregnancy, certain
foods (e.g., caffeine, spicy foods), smoking.
● Presentation: Heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty
swallowing, chronic cough.
● Treatment: Lifestyle changes (diet, weight loss), proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, antacids, surgery (fundoplication) for
severe cases.
b. Barrett's Esophagus
● Cause: Chronic GERD leading to esophageal lining changes.
● Presentation: Often asymptomatic; discovered during GERD
evaluations.
● Treatment: Monitoring via endoscopy, PPIs, ablation therapy, or
esophagectomy for severe dysplasia.
2. Gastric Diseases
a. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
● Cause: H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, stress.
● Presentation: Epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, hematemesis,
melena.
● Treatment: Antibiotics (for H. pylori), PPIs, stopping NSAIDs, antacids.
b. Gastritis
● Cause: H. pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, autoimmune conditions.
, ● Presentation: Upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of
appetite.
● Treatment: Treat underlying cause (antibiotics, avoid irritants), PPIs,
H2 blockers.
3. Liver Diseases
a. Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
● Cause: Viral infections, alcohol, toxins, autoimmune.
● Presentation: Jaundice, fatigue, nausea, dark urine, pale stools.
● Treatment: Antivirals (for B, C), vaccination (A, B), lifestyle changes,
supportive care.
b. Cirrhosis
● Cause: Chronic alcohol use, hepatitis, fatty liver disease.
● Presentation: Ascites, jaundice, spider angiomas, hepatic
encephalopathy.
● Treatment: Treat underlying cause, manage complications (diuretics,
paracentesis), liver transplant in severe cases.
4. Intestinal Diseases
a. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
● Cause: Unknown, but linked to stress, diet, gut-brain interactions.
● Presentation: Abdominal pain, bloating, altered bowel habits
(diarrhea/constipation).
● Treatment: Dietary changes (low FODMAP diet), fiber supplements,
antispasmodics, antidepressants.
a. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
● Cause: Weak lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, pregnancy, certain
foods (e.g., caffeine, spicy foods), smoking.
● Presentation: Heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty
swallowing, chronic cough.
● Treatment: Lifestyle changes (diet, weight loss), proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, antacids, surgery (fundoplication) for
severe cases.
b. Barrett's Esophagus
● Cause: Chronic GERD leading to esophageal lining changes.
● Presentation: Often asymptomatic; discovered during GERD
evaluations.
● Treatment: Monitoring via endoscopy, PPIs, ablation therapy, or
esophagectomy for severe dysplasia.
2. Gastric Diseases
a. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
● Cause: H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, stress.
● Presentation: Epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, hematemesis,
melena.
● Treatment: Antibiotics (for H. pylori), PPIs, stopping NSAIDs, antacids.
b. Gastritis
● Cause: H. pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, autoimmune conditions.
, ● Presentation: Upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of
appetite.
● Treatment: Treat underlying cause (antibiotics, avoid irritants), PPIs,
H2 blockers.
3. Liver Diseases
a. Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
● Cause: Viral infections, alcohol, toxins, autoimmune.
● Presentation: Jaundice, fatigue, nausea, dark urine, pale stools.
● Treatment: Antivirals (for B, C), vaccination (A, B), lifestyle changes,
supportive care.
b. Cirrhosis
● Cause: Chronic alcohol use, hepatitis, fatty liver disease.
● Presentation: Ascites, jaundice, spider angiomas, hepatic
encephalopathy.
● Treatment: Treat underlying cause, manage complications (diuretics,
paracentesis), liver transplant in severe cases.
4. Intestinal Diseases
a. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
● Cause: Unknown, but linked to stress, diet, gut-brain interactions.
● Presentation: Abdominal pain, bloating, altered bowel habits
(diarrhea/constipation).
● Treatment: Dietary changes (low FODMAP diet), fiber supplements,
antispasmodics, antidepressants.
