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notes of international law 2024/2025

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International law = artikel 38 ICJ statute.
Custom -> it happend often, practises because of habitus; Customary international law refers to
international obligations arising from established international practices, as opposed to
obligations arising from formal written conventions and treaties; Internationaal gewoonterecht
verwijst naar internationale verplichtingen die voortvloeien uit gevestigde internationale praktijken,
in tegenstelling tot verplichtingen die voortvloeien uit formele schriftelijke verdragen en verdragen.
Treaty/verdrag -> A treaty can be called a Convention, a Protocol, a Pact, an Accord, etc.; it is
the content of the agreement, not its name, which makes it a treaty. Thus, the Geneva Protocol
and the Biological Weapons Convention are both treaties even though neither has the word; Een
verdrag kan een Verdrag, een Protocol, een Pact, een Akkoord, enz. worden genoemd; het is de
inhoud van de overeenkomst, niet de naam ervan, die het een verdrag maakt. Het Protocol van
Genève en het Verdrag inzake biologische wapens zijn dus beide verdragen, hoewel geen van
beiden het woord heeft

- Jus cogens -> law custom

Artikel 38 ICJ statute.
1. Het Hof, dat tot taal heeft overeenkomstig het internationaal recht te beslissen over geschillen
die aan hem worden voorgelegd, past:
A. internationale verdragen, algemeen of bijzonder, waarin regels worden vastgesteld die
uitdrukkelijk door de betwistende staten worden erkend;
B. internationale gewoonte, als bewijs van een algemene praktijk die als wet wordt
aanvaard;
C. de algemene rechtsbeginselen die door beschaafde naties worden erkend;
D. onder voorbehoud van de bepalingen van artikel 59, gerechtelijke beslissingen en de
leringen van de meest hooggekwali ceerde publicisten van de verschillende naties, als
aanvullende middelen voor de vaststelling van rechtsregels.
2. Deze bepaling doet geen afbreuk aan de bevoegdheid van het Hof om een zaak ex aequo et
bono te beslissen, indien de partijen daarmee instemmen.


artikel 38 ICJ statute is all about States.
How is International law made -> you can call it the international ‘playground’

- ICJ and ICC (International Criminal Court) are called courts because they always keep their
doors open.

Tribunals = rechtbanken.

Hard law -> Is written down.
Soft law -> non-binding, it’s not written down.

Treaty vs custom.
Customs don’t disappear.
VCLT1969 is a Treaty that talks about treaties.
Treaties are international.

Acceptance and objections of customs
A custom must be accepted by the VCLt, it can be against the law.

The Nicaragua case (ICJ)
The Law case. It has two cases, rst about custom and second about force.
De Republiek Nicaragua v. De Verenigde Staten van Amerika was een zaak waarin het
Internationaal Gerechtshof oordeelde dat de VS het internationaal recht hadden geschonden door
de Contra's te steunen in hun opstand tegen de Sandinisten en door de havens van Nicaragua te
ontginnen.

A tready is niet exibeler van een custom, want het is geschreven, en een custom is niet
geschreven.
De Nicaragua case custom en ready law




fl fi fi

, Week 2
§1.83 & §1.84 & §187 & §190 is for the Nicaragua case.
The four subquestions in the Nicaragua case
- art 2. UN Charter; use of force and non-intervention
- Opinio juris and state practice; necessary elements to from customary international law
- Custum and treaty; relationship between customary and treaty law
Costum can change over time, treaty don’t.

International legal personality
- you have rights and duties/duty in the legal system
- States have such personality
- International organizations too, but no all
- Erga omnes obligations embedded in this concept. -> towards all, Obligations in whose
ful lment all states have a legal interest because their subject matter is of importance to the
international community as a whole
UN = united nation
CIL = Court of International Law

States (and IO) have an international legal responsibility
- ARSIWA & ILC (treaties) draft articles on diplomatic protection dedicated to States.
ARSIWA = Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts
IO - international organisation
- but Some IOs as well -> reparation for injuries AO (recap y1) which is con rmed by
cumaraswamy AO. (The UN)

A breach and violation are not the same, legally
Not all claims /disputes concern international legal response (Nicaragua).

International organisations are created by States
• Some IOs are self-standing (UN/EU)
• Sometimes States hand over power (super-states, See AO)
• IOs have legal capacity

NGO (non-governmental organisations)
• Non-pro t
• Funded by private persons.
• Verder aanvullen
Corfu Channel case -> state responsibility

Arguments by the ICJ
Are international obligations in time of peace created through elementary (basic) elementary.
- Yes, international obligations in peace time are created through elementary elementary. Every
state has an obligation not to knowingly allow its territory to be used for acts contrary to the
Rights of other States
If the two States of Rights, one of the Rights validates the other state. There has to be new Rights
to make the parties happy.
Custom
Albania was wrong in this case.

Vienna convention on the law of treaties:
Article 12+18 vclt -> signature
Article 28 -> Non-retroactivity of treaties
Arrest is carrying the treaty.

Vienna convention on the law of treaties: page 150 VCLT
Artikel 38 ICJ statute; page 35 ICJ
ILC articles on responsibility of states for internationally Wrongful acts (2001); page 514 ARSIWA




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