Samenvatting lectures MIN04
Hallmarks of cancer:
- Resisting cell death
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Activating invasion metastasis
- Evading growth suppressors
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Reprogramming energy metabolism
- Immune evasion, inhibit B and T cells
Immune cells most fast migrating cells in the body
Lecture MIN04 – (systemic) Cancer Treatment
Skin cancer:
- Most common cancer
- BCC, carcinoma, more benign
- PCC, more aggressive
- Melanoma, most aggressive, potential for invasive growth
Melanoma: prognosis
Melanoma: ABCD
- Asymmetry
- Border, is irregular
- Color, differences in color
- Diameter, if it growths bigger
o If breslow-depth is more then 1, then look
if it is spread out
o Sentinel node procedure if negative no
further treatment
Treatment:
- Take it out and send to pathologist
- Or make biopt
o Chemotherapy
o Targeted therapy
o Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy:
In common: damage to rapidly dividing cells
Different types of chemotherapy – different specific side effect
- Inhibit cell division
o Toxic to tumor, tolerable for patient
Side effects:
- Cisplatin, hearing problems
- Biomycin, long problems
, Give chemotherapy in cycles
- Give dose tolerable for patient
- Decrease number of tumor cells
- Go to number of cells that cause no
problems for patient, there is most
of the time no cure
Targeted therapy:
KIT RAS mutant BRAF MEK
Mutation in BRAF, without signal from
outside it will grow
BRAFi delay death but not prevent
- Vemurafenib, stops working after
few months
- Dabrafenib
MEKi (combination, delay of death)
- Trametinib
- Cobimetinib
Side effects:
- Also inhibit BRAF signaling in other cells
- Fever, nausea, skin problems, liver problems
- Hyperkeratosis, when combining it
does not happen at all, side effects
disappear, when expecting that the
side effects will combine
Immunotherapy:
Every tumor has spontaneous dying of cells
Non-antigen specific
- Non-specific stimulation (mainly used
in practice, do not work well)
o BCG (Bacille calmette-guerin)
Hallmarks of cancer:
- Resisting cell death
- Inducing angiogenesis
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Activating invasion metastasis
- Evading growth suppressors
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Reprogramming energy metabolism
- Immune evasion, inhibit B and T cells
Immune cells most fast migrating cells in the body
Lecture MIN04 – (systemic) Cancer Treatment
Skin cancer:
- Most common cancer
- BCC, carcinoma, more benign
- PCC, more aggressive
- Melanoma, most aggressive, potential for invasive growth
Melanoma: prognosis
Melanoma: ABCD
- Asymmetry
- Border, is irregular
- Color, differences in color
- Diameter, if it growths bigger
o If breslow-depth is more then 1, then look
if it is spread out
o Sentinel node procedure if negative no
further treatment
Treatment:
- Take it out and send to pathologist
- Or make biopt
o Chemotherapy
o Targeted therapy
o Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy:
In common: damage to rapidly dividing cells
Different types of chemotherapy – different specific side effect
- Inhibit cell division
o Toxic to tumor, tolerable for patient
Side effects:
- Cisplatin, hearing problems
- Biomycin, long problems
, Give chemotherapy in cycles
- Give dose tolerable for patient
- Decrease number of tumor cells
- Go to number of cells that cause no
problems for patient, there is most
of the time no cure
Targeted therapy:
KIT RAS mutant BRAF MEK
Mutation in BRAF, without signal from
outside it will grow
BRAFi delay death but not prevent
- Vemurafenib, stops working after
few months
- Dabrafenib
MEKi (combination, delay of death)
- Trametinib
- Cobimetinib
Side effects:
- Also inhibit BRAF signaling in other cells
- Fever, nausea, skin problems, liver problems
- Hyperkeratosis, when combining it
does not happen at all, side effects
disappear, when expecting that the
side effects will combine
Immunotherapy:
Every tumor has spontaneous dying of cells
Non-antigen specific
- Non-specific stimulation (mainly used
in practice, do not work well)
o BCG (Bacille calmette-guerin)
