NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Example of first degree burn - ANS-sunburn
\Example of second degree burn - ANS-sun burn that blisters
\Example of third degree burn - ANS-charred blackened wound from a fire
\Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - ANS-Severe Allergic reaction to peanuts
\Examples of Primary Prevention - ANS-Vaccinations and Handwashing
\Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANS-PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
\Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANS-Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
\Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS-Blood transfusions when wrong blood given,
hemolytic disease of newborn when mom and baby have different blood types causing the
moms blood to attack fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
\Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS-RA, lupus.
\Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS-TB test- 48 hrs later must be read due to delay.
Contact dermatitis.
\Examples of ways fluid enters the body (Intake) - ANS-Food, Drink, IV access.
\Examples of ways fluid exits the body (output) - ANS-Sweat, Urine, stool, water vapor from
lungs, wound drainages, NG secretions.
\Explain adaptive immunity - ANS-slow to develop. More efficient when there is subsequent
exposure. Cells will create memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign
invaders. More effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity and produces antibodies. T
cells are cell mediated immunity and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells to activate cells to
fight foreign invaders.
\Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-Where the sympathetic nervous
system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given
off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs
in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
\Explain anemia - ANS-deficiency in circulating red blood cells due to bone marrow
suppression.
\Explain cachexia - ANS-overall weight loss and generalized weakness due to loss of
appetite, increased metabolic rate, nausea and vomiting,
\Explain how Myasthenia Gravis works. - ANS-The acetylcholine receptor antibodies destroy
or block the acetylcholine receptors at the end of neurons. Manifestations include profound
muscle weakness and fatigue.
\Explain initiation stage - ANS-events which result in changes to chromosomes or DNA.
Initiators include radiation, UV or carcinogens.
\Explain innate immunity - ANS-you are born with it. It occurs on the initial exposure to an
antigen and there are chemical and physical barriers to prevent invasion such as the skin,
mucus membranes, enzymes and pH. Fever, inflammation and phagocytosis is included.
\Explain leukopenia - ANS-deficiency in circulating white blood cells. Make people more
prone to infection.
\Explain Primary Prevention - ANS-"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people.
, \Explain progression stage - ANS-the mutated cells start to exhibit malignant behaviors and
permanent changes.
\Explain promotion stage - ANS-stage during which mutated cells proliferate. Hormones
ensure progression.
\Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to
homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
\Explain Secondary Prevention - ANS-"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
\Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANS-"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
\Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
\Explain the pathophysiology behind compartment syndrome - ANS-Edema causes
increased pressure within the compartment. The pressure reduces capillary flow and the
muscles and the nerves are ischemic and if not treated, necrosis can occur,
\Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANS-activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
\Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANS-released by ACTH reaching the
adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
\Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANS-Stimulates the fight or flight
response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
\Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANS-helps to slow down certain
organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
\Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - ANS-Pupils
constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
\Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - ANS-Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations,
glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
\Explain thrombocytopenia - ANS-deficiency in circulating platelets. Cannot clot! Cannot
bleed out as not clotting! No shaving or contact sports.
\Explain what is herpes simplex 1 - ANS-Cold Sores. Common on the lips, face, mouth. Pain
is common and can heal within 10-14 days. in latent form
\Explain what is herpes simplex 2 - ANS-responsible for most infections in the genital area.
\Explain what superficial fungal infections are. - ANS-fungi that grow in warm, moist places.
Manifests as circular erythematous rash with itching and burning. Reddish plaques with
peripheral scaling and central clearing.
\How can osteoarthritis be characterized by? - ANS-loss of articular cartilage, calcification,
wear of bone and bone spurs. Non inflammatory, and the weight bearing joints are affected
\How can we prevent pressure ulcers? - ANS-turning patients every 2 hours who are
bedridden. Appropriate nutrition and hydration. float heels off bed, clean linens, doing
incontinence care, movement of patients, barrier cream and wound care of places
susceptible to ulcers.
Example of first degree burn - ANS-sunburn
\Example of second degree burn - ANS-sun burn that blisters
\Example of third degree burn - ANS-charred blackened wound from a fire
\Example of Type 1 Hypersensitivity - ANS-Severe Allergic reaction to peanuts
\Examples of Primary Prevention - ANS-Vaccinations and Handwashing
\Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANS-PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
\Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANS-Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
\Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - ANS-Blood transfusions when wrong blood given,
hemolytic disease of newborn when mom and baby have different blood types causing the
moms blood to attack fetus, graves disease, myasthenia graves
\Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity - ANS-RA, lupus.
\Examples of Type 4 hypersensitivity - ANS-TB test- 48 hrs later must be read due to delay.
Contact dermatitis.
\Examples of ways fluid enters the body (Intake) - ANS-Food, Drink, IV access.
\Examples of ways fluid exits the body (output) - ANS-Sweat, Urine, stool, water vapor from
lungs, wound drainages, NG secretions.
\Explain adaptive immunity - ANS-slow to develop. More efficient when there is subsequent
exposure. Cells will create memory. Recognizer foreign invaders and destroys foreign
invaders. More effective defenses. B Cell= humoral immunity and produces antibodies. T
cells are cell mediated immunity and involve T helper and cytotoxic T cells to activate cells to
fight foreign invaders.
\Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-Where the sympathetic nervous
system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given
off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs
in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
\Explain anemia - ANS-deficiency in circulating red blood cells due to bone marrow
suppression.
\Explain cachexia - ANS-overall weight loss and generalized weakness due to loss of
appetite, increased metabolic rate, nausea and vomiting,
\Explain how Myasthenia Gravis works. - ANS-The acetylcholine receptor antibodies destroy
or block the acetylcholine receptors at the end of neurons. Manifestations include profound
muscle weakness and fatigue.
\Explain initiation stage - ANS-events which result in changes to chromosomes or DNA.
Initiators include radiation, UV or carcinogens.
\Explain innate immunity - ANS-you are born with it. It occurs on the initial exposure to an
antigen and there are chemical and physical barriers to prevent invasion such as the skin,
mucus membranes, enzymes and pH. Fever, inflammation and phagocytosis is included.
\Explain leukopenia - ANS-deficiency in circulating white blood cells. Make people more
prone to infection.
\Explain Primary Prevention - ANS-"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people.
, \Explain progression stage - ANS-the mutated cells start to exhibit malignant behaviors and
permanent changes.
\Explain promotion stage - ANS-stage during which mutated cells proliferate. Hormones
ensure progression.
\Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to
homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
\Explain Secondary Prevention - ANS-"Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
\Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANS-"Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
\Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANS-Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to
homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
\Explain the pathophysiology behind compartment syndrome - ANS-Edema causes
increased pressure within the compartment. The pressure reduces capillary flow and the
muscles and the nerves are ischemic and if not treated, necrosis can occur,
\Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANS-activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
\Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - ANS-released by ACTH reaching the
adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce
inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
\Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - ANS-Stimulates the fight or flight
response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and
amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released.
\Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - ANS-helps to slow down certain
organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight.
\Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - ANS-Pupils
constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
\Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - ANS-Pupils dilate,
salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations,
glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
\Explain thrombocytopenia - ANS-deficiency in circulating platelets. Cannot clot! Cannot
bleed out as not clotting! No shaving or contact sports.
\Explain what is herpes simplex 1 - ANS-Cold Sores. Common on the lips, face, mouth. Pain
is common and can heal within 10-14 days. in latent form
\Explain what is herpes simplex 2 - ANS-responsible for most infections in the genital area.
\Explain what superficial fungal infections are. - ANS-fungi that grow in warm, moist places.
Manifests as circular erythematous rash with itching and burning. Reddish plaques with
peripheral scaling and central clearing.
\How can osteoarthritis be characterized by? - ANS-loss of articular cartilage, calcification,
wear of bone and bone spurs. Non inflammatory, and the weight bearing joints are affected
\How can we prevent pressure ulcers? - ANS-turning patients every 2 hours who are
bedridden. Appropriate nutrition and hydration. float heels off bed, clean linens, doing
incontinence care, movement of patients, barrier cream and wound care of places
susceptible to ulcers.
