NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - ANS-neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia
in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms
common along with jerking
\Explain hypo motility phase - ANS-the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
\Explain incubation stage of syphilis - ANS-occurs for 10 to 90 days after first infected. No
symptoms are noted
\Explain late stage of syphilis - ANS-most destructive phase, causes major cardiovascular
and central nervous system damage, blindness and paresis to bones. It is fatal
\Explain latent stage of syphilis - ANS-no symptoms present but the person still has the
bacteria in their body, person still contagious and can last up to 40 years
\Explain nucleation phase - ANS-the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
\Explain polydipsia - ANS-increased thirst
\Explain polyphagia - ANS-increased hunger
\Explain polyuria - ANS-increased urination
\Explain primary stage of syphillis - ANS-a painless, single chancre ulcer is formed at the
port of entry, usually on the genitals. May resolve in 3-6 weeks
\Explain secondary stage of syphillis - ANS-a person will have a head to toe rash
accompanied by hepatitis, meningitis and nephritis, fevers, malaise, sore throat, headache,
and lymphadenopathy. Bacteria spreads
\Explain supersaturation phase - ANS-bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation
of cholesterol
\Explain the the complication of anemia from CKD - ANS-lack of erythropoietin that the
kidney produces to make new RBC's. Uremia shortens RBC lifespan
\Explain the the complication of bone and mineral disorders from CKD - ANS-elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone or mineral metabolism as the kidneys cannot
reabsorb calcium
\Explain the the complication of depression from CKD - ANS-from the disease, disruption of
social interactions and relationships due to long hours and days at dialysis
\Explain the the complication of electrolyte imbalances from CKD - ANS-there will be more
potassium, phosphorus and magnesium retained
\Explain the the complication of hypertension/cardiovascular disease from CKD -
ANS-causes excess fluid in the blood, increase of plaque in the vessels, hypervolemia, the
heart must work harder
\Explain the the complication of malnutrition from CKD - ANS-decreased food intake,
depression, dietary limitations with what they can eat
\Explain the the complication of metabolic acidosis from CKD - ANS-there is retention of
acidic wastes that can cause hyperkalemia and arrhythmias
\Explain the the complication of pain from CKD - ANS-: from disease, treatment,
comorbidities
\Explain the the complication of uremic syndrome from CKD - ANS-metabolic waste can't
leave, it can precipitate on the skin as frost
, \Explain what ascites is? - ANS-pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause
a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
\Explain what elimination is? - ANS-discharge of the waste products from the body
\Explain what excretion is? - ANS-removal of organic waste products from body fluids
\Explain what happens during oliguric presentation of AKI - ANS-lasts up to 8 weeks with
usual urine output being 50ml-400 mls, when normal output is 30 ml per hour. Characterized
by oliguria, lower GFR, and hypovolemia. S/S of fluid excess, hyperkalemia, uremic
syndrome. Dialysis may be needed.
\Explain what happens during postoliguric presentation of AKI - ANS-Urine volume
increases, leaving patient at risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances they are ridding
themselves of too much fluids. Higher GFR, and can last 1 week-1 year. Full recovery when
BUN and creatinine levels are normal, but renal insufficiency may occur. (early recovery of
the condition, but not all recover)
\Explain what happens during prodromal presentation of AKI - ANS-normal or declining urine
output, The BUN and creatinine levels rise, showing there is a problem. Duration of this
phase depends on cause of injury, amount of toxin, duration of hypotension
\Explain what jaundice is? - ANS-green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
\Explain what overflow incontinence is - ANS-occurs when the bladder becomes full and
overflows. Often see when one has an obstruction in the urethra such as an enlarged
prostate, prolapsed uterus, or urethral stricture. Dribbling of the urine occurs
\Explain what reflex incontinence is - ANS-from a disruption of the central nervous system
communication that controls micturition.The person will have difficulty starting a stream. It
will be painful and retention of urine is the result
\Explain what regulation is? - ANS-regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and
nutrients
\Explain what stress incontinence is - ANS-small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily
when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure.Can happen when one sneezes,
laughs, picks up heavy objects, etc
\Explain what urge incontinence is - ANS-the sudden need to void with an involuntary
leakage of urine. sometimes this occurs at night. overactive bladder
\How can diabetes be diagnosed? - ANS-random sampling of blood glucose over 200 mg,
fasting blood glucose level of 126, or and Hgba1C over 6.5. Normal A1c is 4-5.6, but those
with diabetes they should aim to have it less than 7
\How do we assess for appendicitis? - ANS-McBurney's point technique when pressing on
the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain,
indicates positive appendicitis
\How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - ANS-wearing appropriate
PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
\How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - ANS-stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia
and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal
transplant or colectomy if severe
\How is syphillis transported in the body? - ANS-through the vascular system and blood
stream
\How many nephrons do the kidneys have? - ANS-1-2 million
\Is Testicular Torsion an emergency? - ANS-yes it is due to a compromised vascular supply
and ischemia and necrosis that could occur if not treated.
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - ANS-neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia
in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms
common along with jerking
\Explain hypo motility phase - ANS-the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
\Explain incubation stage of syphilis - ANS-occurs for 10 to 90 days after first infected. No
symptoms are noted
\Explain late stage of syphilis - ANS-most destructive phase, causes major cardiovascular
and central nervous system damage, blindness and paresis to bones. It is fatal
\Explain latent stage of syphilis - ANS-no symptoms present but the person still has the
bacteria in their body, person still contagious and can last up to 40 years
\Explain nucleation phase - ANS-the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
\Explain polydipsia - ANS-increased thirst
\Explain polyphagia - ANS-increased hunger
\Explain polyuria - ANS-increased urination
\Explain primary stage of syphillis - ANS-a painless, single chancre ulcer is formed at the
port of entry, usually on the genitals. May resolve in 3-6 weeks
\Explain secondary stage of syphillis - ANS-a person will have a head to toe rash
accompanied by hepatitis, meningitis and nephritis, fevers, malaise, sore throat, headache,
and lymphadenopathy. Bacteria spreads
\Explain supersaturation phase - ANS-bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation
of cholesterol
\Explain the the complication of anemia from CKD - ANS-lack of erythropoietin that the
kidney produces to make new RBC's. Uremia shortens RBC lifespan
\Explain the the complication of bone and mineral disorders from CKD - ANS-elevated
phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone or mineral metabolism as the kidneys cannot
reabsorb calcium
\Explain the the complication of depression from CKD - ANS-from the disease, disruption of
social interactions and relationships due to long hours and days at dialysis
\Explain the the complication of electrolyte imbalances from CKD - ANS-there will be more
potassium, phosphorus and magnesium retained
\Explain the the complication of hypertension/cardiovascular disease from CKD -
ANS-causes excess fluid in the blood, increase of plaque in the vessels, hypervolemia, the
heart must work harder
\Explain the the complication of malnutrition from CKD - ANS-decreased food intake,
depression, dietary limitations with what they can eat
\Explain the the complication of metabolic acidosis from CKD - ANS-there is retention of
acidic wastes that can cause hyperkalemia and arrhythmias
\Explain the the complication of pain from CKD - ANS-: from disease, treatment,
comorbidities
\Explain the the complication of uremic syndrome from CKD - ANS-metabolic waste can't
leave, it can precipitate on the skin as frost
, \Explain what ascites is? - ANS-pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause
a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
\Explain what elimination is? - ANS-discharge of the waste products from the body
\Explain what excretion is? - ANS-removal of organic waste products from body fluids
\Explain what happens during oliguric presentation of AKI - ANS-lasts up to 8 weeks with
usual urine output being 50ml-400 mls, when normal output is 30 ml per hour. Characterized
by oliguria, lower GFR, and hypovolemia. S/S of fluid excess, hyperkalemia, uremic
syndrome. Dialysis may be needed.
\Explain what happens during postoliguric presentation of AKI - ANS-Urine volume
increases, leaving patient at risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances they are ridding
themselves of too much fluids. Higher GFR, and can last 1 week-1 year. Full recovery when
BUN and creatinine levels are normal, but renal insufficiency may occur. (early recovery of
the condition, but not all recover)
\Explain what happens during prodromal presentation of AKI - ANS-normal or declining urine
output, The BUN and creatinine levels rise, showing there is a problem. Duration of this
phase depends on cause of injury, amount of toxin, duration of hypotension
\Explain what jaundice is? - ANS-green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
\Explain what overflow incontinence is - ANS-occurs when the bladder becomes full and
overflows. Often see when one has an obstruction in the urethra such as an enlarged
prostate, prolapsed uterus, or urethral stricture. Dribbling of the urine occurs
\Explain what reflex incontinence is - ANS-from a disruption of the central nervous system
communication that controls micturition.The person will have difficulty starting a stream. It
will be painful and retention of urine is the result
\Explain what regulation is? - ANS-regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and
nutrients
\Explain what stress incontinence is - ANS-small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily
when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure.Can happen when one sneezes,
laughs, picks up heavy objects, etc
\Explain what urge incontinence is - ANS-the sudden need to void with an involuntary
leakage of urine. sometimes this occurs at night. overactive bladder
\How can diabetes be diagnosed? - ANS-random sampling of blood glucose over 200 mg,
fasting blood glucose level of 126, or and Hgba1C over 6.5. Normal A1c is 4-5.6, but those
with diabetes they should aim to have it less than 7
\How do we assess for appendicitis? - ANS-McBurney's point technique when pressing on
the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain,
indicates positive appendicitis
\How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - ANS-wearing appropriate
PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
\How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - ANS-stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia
and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal
transplant or colectomy if severe
\How is syphillis transported in the body? - ANS-through the vascular system and blood
stream
\How many nephrons do the kidneys have? - ANS-1-2 million
\Is Testicular Torsion an emergency? - ANS-yes it is due to a compromised vascular supply
and ischemia and necrosis that could occur if not treated.
