Patho Exam 1 Study Guide
_________ occurs as result of medical tx - ANS-latrogenic
\____________________problems—result as consequence of being in hospital environment
- ANS-nasocomial
\3 things we look for in lab serums for muscular injury: - ANS--myoglobin
-CK
-troponin
they're elevated when cells are excessively dying
\A 28-year-old man presents with a low blood pressure due to blood loss from a gunshot
wound. The regulatory action that will best compensate for this patient's fluid volume deficit
is: - ANS-increased action of the RAAS
\A 28-year-old man presents with a low blood pressure due to blood loss from a gunshot
wound. When aldosterone is secreted as a part of the increased action of the RAAS, all the
following will occur EXCEPT: - ANS-Na+ excretion in the urine will increase
\A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of lung disease) who has smoked 2 packs of
cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough with bloody sputum.
After a few days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the
chart: "I have told the patient that the etiologies of his presenting problem are: 1)
exacerbation of his chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onset
of both was contributed to by his longstanding smoking." The patient asks the nurse for more
information about his illness. Which explanation, by the nurse, indicates a full understanding
of the patient's situation? - ANS-"The coughing up of blood is caused by a worsening of a
disease you've had for a long time plus a new problem-- lung cancer."
\A child accidentally ingests an insecticide with the ingredient cyanide. Knowing that cyanide
suppresses the actions of cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain, what signs
might an RN expect and why? - ANS-Shortness of breath due to decreased ATP to use for
the work of breathing.
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What would be the child's chances of
having the disease? (Hint: use a Punnett square to figure this out). - ANS-50%
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal recessive
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What are the chances that the child will be
a carrier of the disease? - ANS-50%
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal recessive
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What would be the child's chances of
having the disease? (Hint: use a Punnett square to figure this out). - ANS-0%
\A child with sickle cell anemia presents with pain all over, especially the joints. Which of the
following best links the patho with S&S? - ANS-A single-gene mutation causes malfunction
in RBC O2-carrying capacity, leading to ischemic pain in the joint tissues.
\A diabetic patient has pathological changes to his arteries that result in narrowing and
blockage. He is diagnosed with gangrene of the toes (gangrene is when LOTS of tissue die).
Lab work is drawn and shows an elevated CK. Which pathological process accurately
explains this type of occurrence? - ANS-ischemia...cell injury...swelling...spillage of cellular
enzymes into blood
, \A family nurse practitioner (FNP) tells a patient that her biopsy shows leiomyosarcoma
staged at T2N2M0. This patient has a - ANS-smooth muscle tumor that has spread to the
lymph nodes.
\A nurse explaining to a new mother the patho of her baby's teratogenic defect shows
complete understanding of the situation when he says, - ANS-"Certain chromosomes in your
baby may have been injured before you finally kicked your cocaine addiction in your 6th
month of pregnancy."
\A patient has a post-stroke sequela of right-sided weakness. The muscles on his left side
grow larger than normal to compensate for the weakness on the right. This muscle
adaptation is called: - ANS-hypertrophy
\A patient has a serum osmolality of 265. As an intervention to return this patient to normal
serum osmolality, the nurse is likely to hang an IV bag of _____because once the fluid is
distributed in the blood it will ______and help return fluid compartment status to
homeostasis. - ANS-3% NaCl : cause water to shift from T to B.
\A patient has a serum osmolality of 265. The nurse would expect all the following S&S
EXCEPT: - ANS-signs of cerebral cell dehydration such as headache
\A patient is hospitalized after experiencing renal failure. Because of her kidneys' inability to
excrete water, she has generalized edema & a serum sodium of 129. Because the kidneys
have also lost the ability to appropriately regulate potassium, she also has a serum
potassium of 5.9. These lab results show: - ANS-hyperkalemia & hyponatremia
\A patient is hospitalized after experiencing renal failure. Because of her kidneys' inability to
excrete water, she has generalized edema & a serum sodium of 129. The edema is most
likely due to fluid shifting from the intravascular space into interstitial spaces secondary to all
the following EXCEPT - ANS-hypertonicity of the plasma space
\A patient is in a coma from advanced liver disease. Blood tests reveal a blood pH of 7.30,
and serum HCO3 of 18. The patient's acid/base imbalance is called metabolic __________.
- ANS-Acidosis, most likely due to accumulation of "acid gang" substances such as H+.
\A patient is in a coma from advanced liver disease. Blood tests reveal a decreased serum
albumin level with a serum osmolality of 265. The nurse expects to see
_____________ because of __________? - ANS-water shifting from blood (B) to tissue (T);
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
\A patient recently diagnosed with a neuroblastoma says she has read that free radicals
might be partly responsible for the development of her disease. She wants to know more
information and if there is anything that can counteract free radicals. The nurse's explanation
will be based on understanding that all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: -
ANS-an example of a free radical is cytochrome oxide
\A patient who is having hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) would MOST LIKELY
have the following sign: - ANS-serum osmolality of 300
\A patient who just came out of general anesthesia has lab work done. The serum osmolality
is 240. The nurse taking care of this patient suspects that the _____ is due to _________. -
ANS-Hypoosmolality: syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH).
\A patient who smokes expresses concern to his nurse about the metaplastic changes of the
bronchi that were seen during his bronchoscopy. The nurse bases her response on the
knowledge that this metaplasia is: - ANS-reversible cellular adaptation pattern
\A patient with a serum calcium of 6.0 (norm = 8.5- 10.5) is most likely to ______
because_______. - ANS-have muscle spasms: more Na+ has entered the cells.
_________ occurs as result of medical tx - ANS-latrogenic
\____________________problems—result as consequence of being in hospital environment
- ANS-nasocomial
\3 things we look for in lab serums for muscular injury: - ANS--myoglobin
-CK
-troponin
they're elevated when cells are excessively dying
\A 28-year-old man presents with a low blood pressure due to blood loss from a gunshot
wound. The regulatory action that will best compensate for this patient's fluid volume deficit
is: - ANS-increased action of the RAAS
\A 28-year-old man presents with a low blood pressure due to blood loss from a gunshot
wound. When aldosterone is secreted as a part of the increased action of the RAAS, all the
following will occur EXCEPT: - ANS-Na+ excretion in the urine will increase
\A 55-year-old man with emphysema (a type of lung disease) who has smoked 2 packs of
cigarettes per day for 40 years is hospitalized for acute onset of cough with bloody sputum.
After a few days of testing and treatment, the patient's nurse reads a physician's note on the
chart: "I have told the patient that the etiologies of his presenting problem are: 1)
exacerbation of his chronic emphysema and 2) the new diagnosis of lung cancer. The onset
of both was contributed to by his longstanding smoking." The patient asks the nurse for more
information about his illness. Which explanation, by the nurse, indicates a full understanding
of the patient's situation? - ANS-"The coughing up of blood is caused by a worsening of a
disease you've had for a long time plus a new problem-- lung cancer."
\A child accidentally ingests an insecticide with the ingredient cyanide. Knowing that cyanide
suppresses the actions of cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain, what signs
might an RN expect and why? - ANS-Shortness of breath due to decreased ATP to use for
the work of breathing.
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What would be the child's chances of
having the disease? (Hint: use a Punnett square to figure this out). - ANS-50%
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal recessive
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What are the chances that the child will be
a carrier of the disease? - ANS-50%
\A child is born to a couple, one of whom is heterozygous for an autosomal recessive
disease. The other parent is homozygous normal. What would be the child's chances of
having the disease? (Hint: use a Punnett square to figure this out). - ANS-0%
\A child with sickle cell anemia presents with pain all over, especially the joints. Which of the
following best links the patho with S&S? - ANS-A single-gene mutation causes malfunction
in RBC O2-carrying capacity, leading to ischemic pain in the joint tissues.
\A diabetic patient has pathological changes to his arteries that result in narrowing and
blockage. He is diagnosed with gangrene of the toes (gangrene is when LOTS of tissue die).
Lab work is drawn and shows an elevated CK. Which pathological process accurately
explains this type of occurrence? - ANS-ischemia...cell injury...swelling...spillage of cellular
enzymes into blood
, \A family nurse practitioner (FNP) tells a patient that her biopsy shows leiomyosarcoma
staged at T2N2M0. This patient has a - ANS-smooth muscle tumor that has spread to the
lymph nodes.
\A nurse explaining to a new mother the patho of her baby's teratogenic defect shows
complete understanding of the situation when he says, - ANS-"Certain chromosomes in your
baby may have been injured before you finally kicked your cocaine addiction in your 6th
month of pregnancy."
\A patient has a post-stroke sequela of right-sided weakness. The muscles on his left side
grow larger than normal to compensate for the weakness on the right. This muscle
adaptation is called: - ANS-hypertrophy
\A patient has a serum osmolality of 265. As an intervention to return this patient to normal
serum osmolality, the nurse is likely to hang an IV bag of _____because once the fluid is
distributed in the blood it will ______and help return fluid compartment status to
homeostasis. - ANS-3% NaCl : cause water to shift from T to B.
\A patient has a serum osmolality of 265. The nurse would expect all the following S&S
EXCEPT: - ANS-signs of cerebral cell dehydration such as headache
\A patient is hospitalized after experiencing renal failure. Because of her kidneys' inability to
excrete water, she has generalized edema & a serum sodium of 129. Because the kidneys
have also lost the ability to appropriately regulate potassium, she also has a serum
potassium of 5.9. These lab results show: - ANS-hyperkalemia & hyponatremia
\A patient is hospitalized after experiencing renal failure. Because of her kidneys' inability to
excrete water, she has generalized edema & a serum sodium of 129. The edema is most
likely due to fluid shifting from the intravascular space into interstitial spaces secondary to all
the following EXCEPT - ANS-hypertonicity of the plasma space
\A patient is in a coma from advanced liver disease. Blood tests reveal a blood pH of 7.30,
and serum HCO3 of 18. The patient's acid/base imbalance is called metabolic __________.
- ANS-Acidosis, most likely due to accumulation of "acid gang" substances such as H+.
\A patient is in a coma from advanced liver disease. Blood tests reveal a decreased serum
albumin level with a serum osmolality of 265. The nurse expects to see
_____________ because of __________? - ANS-water shifting from blood (B) to tissue (T);
decreased plasma oncotic pressure
\A patient recently diagnosed with a neuroblastoma says she has read that free radicals
might be partly responsible for the development of her disease. She wants to know more
information and if there is anything that can counteract free radicals. The nurse's explanation
will be based on understanding that all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: -
ANS-an example of a free radical is cytochrome oxide
\A patient who is having hyposecretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) would MOST LIKELY
have the following sign: - ANS-serum osmolality of 300
\A patient who just came out of general anesthesia has lab work done. The serum osmolality
is 240. The nurse taking care of this patient suspects that the _____ is due to _________. -
ANS-Hypoosmolality: syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH).
\A patient who smokes expresses concern to his nurse about the metaplastic changes of the
bronchi that were seen during his bronchoscopy. The nurse bases her response on the
knowledge that this metaplasia is: - ANS-reversible cellular adaptation pattern
\A patient with a serum calcium of 6.0 (norm = 8.5- 10.5) is most likely to ______
because_______. - ANS-have muscle spasms: more Na+ has entered the cells.
