NUR 376 Patho Final
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - ANS-sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the
heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
\Acute Glomerulonephritis - ANS-A renal disorder where immunological mechanisms trigger
inflammation that damages the membranes of the Glomerulus
\Acute Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Manifestation - ANS-Acute; sudden edema, hematuria,
proteinuria, high BP.
Onset is 7-21 days following streptococcal infection (consistent w/ time needed for antibody
formation)
Develop puffy eyelids and facial edema
Urine is dark and contains RBCs; Cola Colored
Serum creatinine and BUN elevated
Mild Anemia
\Acute Glomerulonephritis: Patho - ANS-Glomerular damage in caused by antibodies that
are commonly activated by streptococcus bacteria.
The immune complexes build up and cause inflammation and membrane damage.
Decreased urinary output because GFR decreases, and no more pee is coming out! The pt
becomes hypervolemic and edematous and BP rises.
\ADH and Aldosterone - ANS-ADH hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water. Made by
the hypothalamus.
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb water and sodium ions.
Helps to control blood volume/BP
\Allostasis vs Allostatic overload - ANS-Allostasis: dynamic state of balance that changes
according to exposure to stressors.
Allostatic: the wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
\Aphasia - ANS-Expressive: dysfunction of Broca's area, cannot speak but can understand
Receptive: Dysfunction of Wernicke's area; can speak but not understand. Illogical language
\Asthma - Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) - ANS-The PFT measures of forced expiratory
volume at 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are used to diagnose and
evaluate the severity of an asthma attack.
acute asthma attack = decreased FEV1, decreasing FEV1/FVC ratio
\Atrial Fibrillation - ANS-A quivering, noncontracting atrium, is a common predisposing
condition to ischemic stroke. Causes an irregular pulse, possible tachycardia, and thrombus
formation in the left atrium. The patient may complain of palpitations.
\Between C1 and C3 spinal cord injury - ANS-Unable to breathe without respirator
Loss of bowel and bladder control
Unable to move arms and legs.
\Between C4 and C7 spinal cord injury - ANS-Severe weakness in arms with no motor
function or sensation in legs
Loss of bowel or bladder control
\Calcium - ANS-8.7 mg/dL - 10 mg/dL
, Role in formation and function of bones and teeth, normal clotting, and regulation of
neuromuscular irritability.
Highly protein bound and interpretation of levels is based on albumin levels.
Found in both ICF and ECF
\Cancer-related hypercalcemia - ANS-caused by malignant cells invading the bone, causing
bone destruction. Cancer also releases a parathyroid-like hormone causing an increase in
serum calcium levels.
\Cerebral Hemorrhagic - ANS-Arteries rupture inducing bleeding in brain (DEADLY)
Pathos: bleeding in brain → blood damages (necrosis) and compression (ICP)
CM: cerebral edema, Decreased motor, sensory on opposite side of affected brain. severe
headache, increased bp
Treatment: hemodynamic stabilization (clot forming agents, surgery)
\Chronic pain - ANS-fatigue, social isolation, physical limitations
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Clinical manifestations - ANS-Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, sleep
problem, changes in urine output, brain fog, muscle twitches, cramps, swelling of feet and
ankles (edema), persistent itching, chest pain, SOB, and hypertension.
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Diagnostic Tests - ANS-Blood test, urine test, imaging, and sometimes kidney biopsy
Ultrasound or CT Scan (identify structural abnormalities/stones/blocks)
Serum Creatinine (level of waste product in blood) > High is bad
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) how much blood is passing through?
Urinalysis (presence of protein or blood can indicate)
Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) > High is bad
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Pathophysiology - ANS-Glomerular damage -> can't filter waste and fluids from blood ->
inflammation of tubules in the kidneys -> can leak protein into the urine
End-stage renal disease: fatal
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Risk Factors - ANS-Uncontrolled diabetes and hyperglycemia; the thick syrupy blood can't
easily go through the kidneys.
Uncontrolled hypertension; all the pressure coming from the heart and pounding against the
blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in less blood flow and kidney failure.
Unchecked autoimmune diseases: Glomerulonephritis,
Polycystic kidney disease
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD) - ANS-Irreversible, progressive disease. The kidneys
are unable to excrete waste products or control volume status, making dialysis or kidney
transplant the only option to support life.
GFR filtration is the rate at which the kidneys are "Washing"/"filtering" the blood
Occurs in 5 stages:
Stage 5: <15 GFR (time for dialysis) functioning at less that 5% of normal)
\Chronic stress - ANS-Increased BP, BS, diabetes, anxiety, depression
Decreased reproductive, immune
anger, addiction
\chronic venous insufficiency - ANS-Damage to valves in the deep veins of the legs.
Valve damage = impaired venous return and abnormally high venous pressure = pooling and
stasis of blood in the lower extremities.
acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - ANS-sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the
heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
\Acute Glomerulonephritis - ANS-A renal disorder where immunological mechanisms trigger
inflammation that damages the membranes of the Glomerulus
\Acute Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Manifestation - ANS-Acute; sudden edema, hematuria,
proteinuria, high BP.
Onset is 7-21 days following streptococcal infection (consistent w/ time needed for antibody
formation)
Develop puffy eyelids and facial edema
Urine is dark and contains RBCs; Cola Colored
Serum creatinine and BUN elevated
Mild Anemia
\Acute Glomerulonephritis: Patho - ANS-Glomerular damage in caused by antibodies that
are commonly activated by streptococcus bacteria.
The immune complexes build up and cause inflammation and membrane damage.
Decreased urinary output because GFR decreases, and no more pee is coming out! The pt
becomes hypervolemic and edematous and BP rises.
\ADH and Aldosterone - ANS-ADH hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water. Made by
the hypothalamus.
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb water and sodium ions.
Helps to control blood volume/BP
\Allostasis vs Allostatic overload - ANS-Allostasis: dynamic state of balance that changes
according to exposure to stressors.
Allostatic: the wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
\Aphasia - ANS-Expressive: dysfunction of Broca's area, cannot speak but can understand
Receptive: Dysfunction of Wernicke's area; can speak but not understand. Illogical language
\Asthma - Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) - ANS-The PFT measures of forced expiratory
volume at 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are used to diagnose and
evaluate the severity of an asthma attack.
acute asthma attack = decreased FEV1, decreasing FEV1/FVC ratio
\Atrial Fibrillation - ANS-A quivering, noncontracting atrium, is a common predisposing
condition to ischemic stroke. Causes an irregular pulse, possible tachycardia, and thrombus
formation in the left atrium. The patient may complain of palpitations.
\Between C1 and C3 spinal cord injury - ANS-Unable to breathe without respirator
Loss of bowel and bladder control
Unable to move arms and legs.
\Between C4 and C7 spinal cord injury - ANS-Severe weakness in arms with no motor
function or sensation in legs
Loss of bowel or bladder control
\Calcium - ANS-8.7 mg/dL - 10 mg/dL
, Role in formation and function of bones and teeth, normal clotting, and regulation of
neuromuscular irritability.
Highly protein bound and interpretation of levels is based on albumin levels.
Found in both ICF and ECF
\Cancer-related hypercalcemia - ANS-caused by malignant cells invading the bone, causing
bone destruction. Cancer also releases a parathyroid-like hormone causing an increase in
serum calcium levels.
\Cerebral Hemorrhagic - ANS-Arteries rupture inducing bleeding in brain (DEADLY)
Pathos: bleeding in brain → blood damages (necrosis) and compression (ICP)
CM: cerebral edema, Decreased motor, sensory on opposite side of affected brain. severe
headache, increased bp
Treatment: hemodynamic stabilization (clot forming agents, surgery)
\Chronic pain - ANS-fatigue, social isolation, physical limitations
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Clinical manifestations - ANS-Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, sleep
problem, changes in urine output, brain fog, muscle twitches, cramps, swelling of feet and
ankles (edema), persistent itching, chest pain, SOB, and hypertension.
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Diagnostic Tests - ANS-Blood test, urine test, imaging, and sometimes kidney biopsy
Ultrasound or CT Scan (identify structural abnormalities/stones/blocks)
Serum Creatinine (level of waste product in blood) > High is bad
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) how much blood is passing through?
Urinalysis (presence of protein or blood can indicate)
Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR) > High is bad
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Pathophysiology - ANS-Glomerular damage -> can't filter waste and fluids from blood ->
inflammation of tubules in the kidneys -> can leak protein into the urine
End-stage renal disease: fatal
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Risk Factors - ANS-Uncontrolled diabetes and hyperglycemia; the thick syrupy blood can't
easily go through the kidneys.
Uncontrolled hypertension; all the pressure coming from the heart and pounding against the
blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in less blood flow and kidney failure.
Unchecked autoimmune diseases: Glomerulonephritis,
Polycystic kidney disease
\Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD) - ANS-Irreversible, progressive disease. The kidneys
are unable to excrete waste products or control volume status, making dialysis or kidney
transplant the only option to support life.
GFR filtration is the rate at which the kidneys are "Washing"/"filtering" the blood
Occurs in 5 stages:
Stage 5: <15 GFR (time for dialysis) functioning at less that 5% of normal)
\Chronic stress - ANS-Increased BP, BS, diabetes, anxiety, depression
Decreased reproductive, immune
anger, addiction
\chronic venous insufficiency - ANS-Damage to valves in the deep veins of the legs.
Valve damage = impaired venous return and abnormally high venous pressure = pooling and
stasis of blood in the lower extremities.
