NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy results
revealed proliferating cells that were well-differentiated and resembled surrounding cells.
The cells were contained within a well-defined area. - ANS-Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. The mass of tissue resulting is known
as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the characteristics associated
with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous, are well-differentiated, meaning they
resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a contained area and are unlikely to
spread.
\A child ingests bicarbonate. What compensatory mechanisms would occur? -
ANS--Reabsorption of H+ ions
-Decreased ventilation to combat the alkalosis
-Increased bicarbonate secretion
\A decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid would cause water to - ANS-Move
INTO THE CELL.
\A laboratory report shows abnormal serum calcium levels. Which of the following tissues will
the nurse need to evaluate, as these tissues are affected by abnormal calcium levels? -
ANS-Parathyroid glands
Skeletal muscle
Nervous system
\A laboratory result for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not available; however, the nurse
suspects hyperparathyroidism. Which of the following would support the nurse's conclusion?
- ANS-Muscle flaccidity and weakness (hypercalcemia)
\A nurse notes on a patient's chart the presence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone (SIADH) due to a pulmonary tumor. Which of the following can the nurse expect to
observe? Select all that apply. - ANS--Increased blood pressure
-Decreased plasma osmolality (due to fluid retention)
-Urine osmolarity higher than normal (urine becomes more concentrated)
\A nursing student believes that her patient has hypervolemic hypernatremia. Which of the
patient's signs and symptoms would support this diagnosis? Select all that apply. -
ANS-Edema
Na+ levels 150
Hypertension
\A patient presents with hyperkalemia. When a nursing student is asked the possible causes
of elevated potassium, which of his responses are correct?
-Addisons disease
-Diuretic therapy
-Metabolic acidosis
-Laxative abuse
-Renal failure - ANS-A, C, D
Addison's disease causes reduced aldosterone levels, which causes reduced potassium.
, In metabolic acidosis, H+ ions shift INTO the cells and K+ moves out of cells into the
plasma.
When the kidneys fail, potassium secretion declines.
--> Laxatives cause loss of potassium and diuretics usually cause hypokalemia.
\ADH - ANS-antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin). Secreted during thirst/dehydration.
\An athlete competed in a long duration endurance event lasting more than 8 hours. Results
from laboratory values obtained in the Emergency Department show that he lost a significant
amount of fluid and electrolytes. What phrase may be most applicable to his current status? -
ANS-Hypovolemic hyponatremia
\Andy has undergone a colonoscopy because his family has a history of colon cancer.
Biopsy of the colon reveals poorly differentiated cells in the samples. Cells were abnormally
organized, with distorted borders. Infiltration of the abnormal cells occurred throughout
several samples. - ANS-Malignant neoplasia
Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell growth. Malignancy, when applied to neoplasm,
indicates the cancerous cells are likely to infiltrate other tissues and spread. The appearance
of malignant cells is far from normal. Such cells are poorly differentiated and appear to have
a random organization. Biopsy samples of malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond
the borders or edges of the growth.
\Arterial blood gases initially reveal pH of 7.50. Over time, the pH is reduced to 7.44. Which
of the following would describe the pulmonary compensation that developed? -
ANS-Ventilation was reduced, enabling pH to return to normal.
\Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now competes in
long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an endurance athlete who is in the
"best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What
cellular change or injury that is best exemplified by the case scenario. - ANS-Physiologic
hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise, whereby the heart
will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is increased mitochondria,
ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
\Cardiac catheterization results for Beatrice, a 54-year-old patient, show plaque build-up,
appearing as hardened areas in the coronary arteries. Beatrice, who is overweight and leads
a sedentary lifestyle, has several risk factors for atherosclerosis. A coronary calcium scan is
conducted to help analyze the state of the arterial plaques. - ANS-Pathologic calcification
\Carl has type 1 diabetes and has arrived in the emergency room with tachycardia,
Kussmaul's respirations, and a fruity acetone smell to his breath. His blood pH measures in
the acidic levels with lower than normal CO2 levels, and an elevated anion gap. -
ANS-Metabolic acidosis (uncompensated)
\Define dysplasia - ANS-Compared to normal cells, cells demonstrating dysplasia are
atypical in size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean the cells are cancerous. However,
some screening tests, such as the Pap smear, examine tissues to determine if any cellular
changes are taking place. Any changes in the cells can then be monitored over time.
\Edema in the lower extremities is which type of edema? - ANS-Dependent edema.
A biopsy of a skin lesion is conducted on Leann, a 48-year-old woman. Biopsy results
revealed proliferating cells that were well-differentiated and resembled surrounding cells.
The cells were contained within a well-defined area. - ANS-Benign neoplasia.
Neoplasia is uncontrolled and unregulated cell growth. The mass of tissue resulting is known
as a "neoplasm." In a benign neoplasm, the cells do not have the characteristics associated
with malignancy. The cells, although cancerous, are well-differentiated, meaning they
resemble normal, mature cells. The cells are also in a contained area and are unlikely to
spread.
\A child ingests bicarbonate. What compensatory mechanisms would occur? -
ANS--Reabsorption of H+ ions
-Decreased ventilation to combat the alkalosis
-Increased bicarbonate secretion
\A decrease in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid would cause water to - ANS-Move
INTO THE CELL.
\A laboratory report shows abnormal serum calcium levels. Which of the following tissues will
the nurse need to evaluate, as these tissues are affected by abnormal calcium levels? -
ANS-Parathyroid glands
Skeletal muscle
Nervous system
\A laboratory result for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not available; however, the nurse
suspects hyperparathyroidism. Which of the following would support the nurse's conclusion?
- ANS-Muscle flaccidity and weakness (hypercalcemia)
\A nurse notes on a patient's chart the presence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone (SIADH) due to a pulmonary tumor. Which of the following can the nurse expect to
observe? Select all that apply. - ANS--Increased blood pressure
-Decreased plasma osmolality (due to fluid retention)
-Urine osmolarity higher than normal (urine becomes more concentrated)
\A nursing student believes that her patient has hypervolemic hypernatremia. Which of the
patient's signs and symptoms would support this diagnosis? Select all that apply. -
ANS-Edema
Na+ levels 150
Hypertension
\A patient presents with hyperkalemia. When a nursing student is asked the possible causes
of elevated potassium, which of his responses are correct?
-Addisons disease
-Diuretic therapy
-Metabolic acidosis
-Laxative abuse
-Renal failure - ANS-A, C, D
Addison's disease causes reduced aldosterone levels, which causes reduced potassium.
, In metabolic acidosis, H+ ions shift INTO the cells and K+ moves out of cells into the
plasma.
When the kidneys fail, potassium secretion declines.
--> Laxatives cause loss of potassium and diuretics usually cause hypokalemia.
\ADH - ANS-antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin). Secreted during thirst/dehydration.
\An athlete competed in a long duration endurance event lasting more than 8 hours. Results
from laboratory values obtained in the Emergency Department show that he lost a significant
amount of fluid and electrolytes. What phrase may be most applicable to his current status? -
ANS-Hypovolemic hyponatremia
\Andy has undergone a colonoscopy because his family has a history of colon cancer.
Biopsy of the colon reveals poorly differentiated cells in the samples. Cells were abnormally
organized, with distorted borders. Infiltration of the abnormal cells occurred throughout
several samples. - ANS-Malignant neoplasia
Neoplasia is uncontrolled, unregulated cell growth. Malignancy, when applied to neoplasm,
indicates the cancerous cells are likely to infiltrate other tissues and spread. The appearance
of malignant cells is far from normal. Such cells are poorly differentiated and appear to have
a random organization. Biopsy samples of malignant neoplasia reveal cells moving beyond
the borders or edges of the growth.
\Arterial blood gases initially reveal pH of 7.50. Over time, the pH is reduced to 7.44. Which
of the following would describe the pulmonary compensation that developed? -
ANS-Ventilation was reduced, enabling pH to return to normal.
\Brian, age 28, began an aerobic exercise program 2 years ago. Brian now competes in
long-distance cycling events and considers himself to be an endurance athlete who is in the
"best shape of his life." An echocardiogram reveals a slightly enlarged left ventricle. What
cellular change or injury that is best exemplified by the case scenario. - ANS-Physiologic
hypertrophy
An ADAPTIVE type of hypertrophy that occurs due to extensive exercise, whereby the heart
will create new blood vessel branches (angiogenesis) and there is increased mitochondria,
ATP, and actin/myosin filaments in the muscle.
\Cardiac catheterization results for Beatrice, a 54-year-old patient, show plaque build-up,
appearing as hardened areas in the coronary arteries. Beatrice, who is overweight and leads
a sedentary lifestyle, has several risk factors for atherosclerosis. A coronary calcium scan is
conducted to help analyze the state of the arterial plaques. - ANS-Pathologic calcification
\Carl has type 1 diabetes and has arrived in the emergency room with tachycardia,
Kussmaul's respirations, and a fruity acetone smell to his breath. His blood pH measures in
the acidic levels with lower than normal CO2 levels, and an elevated anion gap. -
ANS-Metabolic acidosis (uncompensated)
\Define dysplasia - ANS-Compared to normal cells, cells demonstrating dysplasia are
atypical in size and shape. Dysplasia does not mean the cells are cancerous. However,
some screening tests, such as the Pap smear, examine tissues to determine if any cellular
changes are taking place. Any changes in the cells can then be monitored over time.
\Edema in the lower extremities is which type of edema? - ANS-Dependent edema.
