g g g g g g g
C1-C7gexitgabovegthegcorrespondinggvertebra.
C8gspinalgnervegexitsgbelowgC7gandgaboveg
T1.
Allg othergnervesg exitg belowg -g Answerg ✓
⬛⬛✓whichgspinalg ng exitg above/belowgvertebrae,g behgofg special
Fibrillarygastrocytomag-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓cangoccurganywhere,gbutgmostgoftengingthegcerebralghemispheresg-
-g60%gsupratentorial
Lowggrade,gadult
mostgaregpoorlygdemarcatedgw/ginfiltrativegborder.gmicrocystsgandgmucous-likegfluid
tumorsgoriginategingwhitegmattergmaygextendgintoggraygmattergMet
atasticgbraingtumorsgchg-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓Junctiongofggray-whitegmat
cocaine-basedgdrop,gwhichginhibitsgthegreuptakegofgnorepinephrine,gshouldgcausegmydriasisg(pupillary
dilation).gLackgofgsympatheticginnervationgduegtogaglesiongofgthegpostganglionicgneuronganywheregalon
ggthegpathwaygwon't.
hydroxyamphetamine,greleasesgstoredgendogenousgnorepinephrine.gIfgHornergsyndromegisgcausedgbyg
agCNSglesion,gthengthegeyegcangstillgdilate,gingcontrast,gaglesiongofgthegpostganglionicgneuronsgcan'tg.g-
Answerg ⬛✓⬛ ✓Cocaine,g amohetamineg eyedrops-
g whatg diagnoseg justgmedialgtogthegischialgspines,gthroughgthegsac
rospinousgligament.
Thegsacrospinousgligamentgcoursesgposteriorly,gconnectinggthegischialgspinesgtogthegsacrumg-gAnswer
⬛✓⬛ ✓Pudendalg nerveg block
Agrammatic.gNotgslurred-thisgisgdysarthiagfrgprimarygmotorgcortexg(muscles)gorgcerebellarglesiong-gAnswer
⬛
✓⬛ ✓Brocasgaphasiaghasgwhatgspeech?
1g|gPgaggg e
,474g-gAnswerg✓
⬛⬛✓cisterns:loc, gorder
lingual,gcuneusg-
gAnswerg⬛
⬛⬛
✓ ✓whatggyrigingprimarygvisualgcortex?gependymalgcells
gofgchoroid
plexus
itgisgreabsorbedgbygarachnoidggranulationsgandgthengdrainsgintogduralgvenousgsinuses.g-gAnswer
⬛
⬛⬛
✓ ✓whatg makesg csf
emotion,glong-termgmemory,golfaction,
behaviorgmodulation,gANSgfunctiong[Feeding,gFleeing,gFighting,gFeeling,gandgSex]
hipposgmumgtacklesg(a)gsinglegrhino:
hippocampusg---gmammillarygbodies--ganterior
thalamicgnuclei---gcingulateggyrusg--entorhinalgcortex--hippog-
gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛
✓Papezg circuit,gfunctiongPICAg-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓latgmedullarygsyndrgis
_hyoglossusg(retractsgandgdepressesgtongue)ggenioglossus(protrudesgtongue)styloglossusg(drawsgsidesg
ofgtonguegupwardgtogcreategagtroughgforgswallowing).cn10_gpalatoglossus(elevatesgposteriorgtonguegd
uringgswallowing)g-gAnswerg⬛ ✓⬛ ✓motorginnervationgofgtonguegwgfunctionsgofgmuscles
2gmusclesgthatgopengeye,gnervesg-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓cn3gfglevatorgpalpabre
symphgfgsupgtarsal
neargvision---contractsgLens--decgtensiongongzonulagfibers--roundglens
flatgingfargvisg-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓ a c c o m o d a t i o n gmecha
negorgbothgpupilsgtogbegabnormallygdilatedg(mydriasis)gwithgdelayedgconstrictiongingresponsegtogexpos
uregtoglight.
damagegtogthegpostganglionicgfibersgofgthegparasympathetic
Patientsgcommonlygpresentgwithgareflexiagofgthegkneegand/organkles,gsweatinggabnog-
gAnswerg⬛ ✓⬛✓adiegpupil
2g|gPgaggg e
,incgspacegconstantg(incglength,gdecgtime)gandgconductiongvelocity.g-
gAnswerg⬛⬛myelingphysicsgipsilatgCN2gtransectiong-gAnswerg⬛
✓✓ ⬛⬛
✓ ✓rightganopia
(pituitaryglesion,gchiasm)g-
gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛⬛Bitemporalghemianopiag contralatg(R)opticgtract,gLGB
✓
g(MCA)
affects:gcontralatg(L)gtemporal,gipsilatg(R)gnasal
canghavegadditionalgRgpupillarygdefectg-
gAnswerg⬛✓Leftghomonymousghemianopiag(rightgparietal-Cuneateglesion,gMCA)g-
✓⬛
gAnswerg⬛✓Leftglowergquadrantanopia
✓⬛
(PCAginfarct)-gvisualgcortex=occipitalglobe,ggeniculocalcarinegtractg-
gAnswerg⬛✓⬛ ✓Leftghemianopiagwithgmaculargsparing
chiasmglatgcompression,gfrgcalcifiedgICAg-
gAnswerg⬛✓Binasalghemanopiagperichiasmalglesion,gexgICAganeurysmg-
✓⬛
gAnswerg⬛✓Rgnasalghemianopiagbilatgcuneategtraumag-
✓⬛
gAnswerg⬛✓lowgaltudinalghemianopia
✓⬛
retinagd/gopticgngheadgd,gex.gglaucomag-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓arcuategscotoma
upsidegdowngandgleft-rightgreversed.g-
gAnswerg⬛✓Whengangimageghitsg1°gvisualgcortex,gitgisgSchwanngcellgfunctiong-
✓⬛
gAnswerg⬛✓EachgSchwanngcellgmyelinatesgonlyg1gPNSgaxon.
✓⬛
Alsogpromotegaxonalgregeneration.
*MaygbeginjuredgingGuillain-Barrégsyndrome
oligodendrocytegfunction,ghistog-
gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓M y e l i n a t e s gaxonsgofgneuronsgingCNS.gEachgoligodendrocytegcangmyelinategmanygax
ons
(∼g30).gPredominantgtypegofgglialgcellgingwhitegma
tter.
friedgegggapp
, resultgofgcingulateggyrusglesion?g-gAnswerg⬛
✓⬛✓partgofglimbic
3g|gPgaggg e