Major drugs of abuse- part 1
Cocaine: Acute toxicity: Treatment: Cardiac e ects:
Stimulant from the coca plant Overdose is frequent • Psychosocial therapy (Individual • Vasoconstriction (relieved by
CNS e ects similar to mild: & group therapy) phentolamine)
amphetamines. Brains “reward” • agitation, dizziness, tremor, • Anticocaine vaccine—renders • Excessive stimulation of heart
circuit blurred vision cocaine inactive if administered (relieved by mix of a & b blockers:
• Can produce local anesthesia severe: • Disul ram (antabuse) labetolol)
• Vasoconstriction • hyperpyrexia, convulsions, vent. Increased stimulation can lead to:
• Cardiac stimulation dysrhythmia, & hemorrhagic Methamphetamine: -HTN
Available in 2 forms: stroke. Schedule II -Angina
1. Cocaine hydrochloride Psychological manifestations: • white/crystalline powder -Dysrhythmias
• Frequently diluted-cut before sale • Severe anxiety • Swallowed Treatment:
• Intranasally (slow absorption) & • Paranoid ideation • Snorted • Cognitive behavioral therapy
IV (instant absorption) • Hallucinations • Smoked • Bupropion
• Cannot be smoked d/t high d/t short half-life, symptoms • Injected IV • Zyban
temperatures subside in 1-2 hrs • Moda nil
**When smoked, e ects fade Subjective e ects: • Ibudilast
within minutes-replaced w/ Symptom control: • Elevation of mood
dysphoria** user may “bing” to • Diazepam or lorazepam • Euphoria Marijuana: (Class by itself)
avoid dysphoria—causes • HTN: can be controlled w/ IV • Talkativeness -Cannabis Sativa—delta-9-
addiction nitroprusside tetrahydrocannabinol (THC:high lipid
• sense of increased strength &
solubility)<—major psychoactive
2. Cocaine base (freebase—crack) • Dysrhytmias: hypertonic sodium mental capacity
substance
• Heat stable bicarb • Rise in self-con dence
• Greatest psychoactive
• Sold in form of crystals “rocks” • Thrombus formation: ASA Adverse psychological e ects:
concentration is from the ower
that consists of pure cocaine • Hyperthermia: cooling blanket • Delusions of the female plant (lowest is from
• Smoked • Paranoia the seeds)
• Absorption is rapid Long-term intranasal use: • auditory/visual hallucinations• Concentrations range from 1%
e ects: • Atrophy of nasal mucosa/loss of (like schizophrenia)
to 90%
• euphoria smell Psychosis can be triggered by a
Derivative: Marijuanna & hashish
• Necrosis & perforation of nasal single dose
• Hashish is most potent
septum (chronic vasoconstriction) • Haldol may be needed to Mechanism of action: e ects of
• Lung injury from smoking suppress symptoms
THC esult from activating speci c
cannabinoid receptors in brain—
anandamide (derivative of
arachidonic acid unique to the
brain)
——>
, Major drugs of abuse- part 1
Receptors are highest in the Oral: mostly all of THC is • Increased appetite & ability to • Dissociative state “outside of
regions for: absorbed, BUT most is appreciate food avor himself”
• pleasure inactivated by the rst-pass by • Distortion of time perception Extremely high doses:
• memory the liver—6% to 20% is absorbed (short spans seem much longer) • State similar to toxic psychosis
• Thinking (doses need to be 3-10 times greater (may persist for wks)
• concentration than smoked doses to produce an Undesired e ects: moderate
• appetite equivalent) doses **Not all users are equally
• sensory perception • E ects are delayed & prolonged • Impairment of short-term vulnerable to the adverse
• time perception —starting 30-50 minutes after memory psychological e ects**
• coordination of movement injection—persist up to 12 hrs • Decreased capacity to perform
(same reward systems opioids & multistep tasks Chronic use e ects:
cocaine) Subjective e ects: • Slowed reaction time Amotivational Syndrome: a
• Euphora • Impairment of motor behavioral phenomenon
HEROIN & COCAINE produce • Sedations coordination characterized by:
pleasure sensations by release of • Hallucinations (makes driving dangerous) • apathy
dopamine in the brain’s reward circuit. (no other drug does all 3) • Altered judgement & decision • dullness
making • poor grooming
Naloxone blocks release of Low-Mod dose e ects: (high-risk sexual behavior) • reduced interest in achievement
dopamine by THC Responses depend on: • Temporal disintegration • disinterest in the pursuit of
(which also suggests THC causes
• Dosage size (inability to distinguish between past, conventional goals
release of dopamine too by releasing
endogenous opioids) • Route present, & future) (no avail data suggests organic brain
• Setting of drug use • Depersonalization damage)
administration: • Expectations (sense of strangeness about self)
• Previous experience of user • Decreased ability to perceive Cannabinoid hyperemesis
Pleasurable e ects: low doses the emotions of others syndrome: pattern of cyclic
Smoking: 60% of THC is
absorbed—rapid • Euphoria & relaxation • Reduced interpersonal nausea/vomitting that is relieved
• Gaity & hightened sense of interactions by taking a hot shower or bath
E ects begin in minutes
humor Adverse psychological e ects: Treatment:
Peak: 10-20 mins
Duration: 2-3 hrs • Increased sensitivity to visual & High doses: Cessation of marijuana use
auditory stimuli • Hallucinations
• Enhanced sense of touch, taste, • Delusions
& smell • Paranoia
Euphoria is replaced w/intense
anxiety
Cocaine: Acute toxicity: Treatment: Cardiac e ects:
Stimulant from the coca plant Overdose is frequent • Psychosocial therapy (Individual • Vasoconstriction (relieved by
CNS e ects similar to mild: & group therapy) phentolamine)
amphetamines. Brains “reward” • agitation, dizziness, tremor, • Anticocaine vaccine—renders • Excessive stimulation of heart
circuit blurred vision cocaine inactive if administered (relieved by mix of a & b blockers:
• Can produce local anesthesia severe: • Disul ram (antabuse) labetolol)
• Vasoconstriction • hyperpyrexia, convulsions, vent. Increased stimulation can lead to:
• Cardiac stimulation dysrhythmia, & hemorrhagic Methamphetamine: -HTN
Available in 2 forms: stroke. Schedule II -Angina
1. Cocaine hydrochloride Psychological manifestations: • white/crystalline powder -Dysrhythmias
• Frequently diluted-cut before sale • Severe anxiety • Swallowed Treatment:
• Intranasally (slow absorption) & • Paranoid ideation • Snorted • Cognitive behavioral therapy
IV (instant absorption) • Hallucinations • Smoked • Bupropion
• Cannot be smoked d/t high d/t short half-life, symptoms • Injected IV • Zyban
temperatures subside in 1-2 hrs • Moda nil
**When smoked, e ects fade Subjective e ects: • Ibudilast
within minutes-replaced w/ Symptom control: • Elevation of mood
dysphoria** user may “bing” to • Diazepam or lorazepam • Euphoria Marijuana: (Class by itself)
avoid dysphoria—causes • HTN: can be controlled w/ IV • Talkativeness -Cannabis Sativa—delta-9-
addiction nitroprusside tetrahydrocannabinol (THC:high lipid
• sense of increased strength &
solubility)<—major psychoactive
2. Cocaine base (freebase—crack) • Dysrhytmias: hypertonic sodium mental capacity
substance
• Heat stable bicarb • Rise in self-con dence
• Greatest psychoactive
• Sold in form of crystals “rocks” • Thrombus formation: ASA Adverse psychological e ects:
concentration is from the ower
that consists of pure cocaine • Hyperthermia: cooling blanket • Delusions of the female plant (lowest is from
• Smoked • Paranoia the seeds)
• Absorption is rapid Long-term intranasal use: • auditory/visual hallucinations• Concentrations range from 1%
e ects: • Atrophy of nasal mucosa/loss of (like schizophrenia)
to 90%
• euphoria smell Psychosis can be triggered by a
Derivative: Marijuanna & hashish
• Necrosis & perforation of nasal single dose
• Hashish is most potent
septum (chronic vasoconstriction) • Haldol may be needed to Mechanism of action: e ects of
• Lung injury from smoking suppress symptoms
THC esult from activating speci c
cannabinoid receptors in brain—
anandamide (derivative of
arachidonic acid unique to the
brain)
——>
, Major drugs of abuse- part 1
Receptors are highest in the Oral: mostly all of THC is • Increased appetite & ability to • Dissociative state “outside of
regions for: absorbed, BUT most is appreciate food avor himself”
• pleasure inactivated by the rst-pass by • Distortion of time perception Extremely high doses:
• memory the liver—6% to 20% is absorbed (short spans seem much longer) • State similar to toxic psychosis
• Thinking (doses need to be 3-10 times greater (may persist for wks)
• concentration than smoked doses to produce an Undesired e ects: moderate
• appetite equivalent) doses **Not all users are equally
• sensory perception • E ects are delayed & prolonged • Impairment of short-term vulnerable to the adverse
• time perception —starting 30-50 minutes after memory psychological e ects**
• coordination of movement injection—persist up to 12 hrs • Decreased capacity to perform
(same reward systems opioids & multistep tasks Chronic use e ects:
cocaine) Subjective e ects: • Slowed reaction time Amotivational Syndrome: a
• Euphora • Impairment of motor behavioral phenomenon
HEROIN & COCAINE produce • Sedations coordination characterized by:
pleasure sensations by release of • Hallucinations (makes driving dangerous) • apathy
dopamine in the brain’s reward circuit. (no other drug does all 3) • Altered judgement & decision • dullness
making • poor grooming
Naloxone blocks release of Low-Mod dose e ects: (high-risk sexual behavior) • reduced interest in achievement
dopamine by THC Responses depend on: • Temporal disintegration • disinterest in the pursuit of
(which also suggests THC causes
• Dosage size (inability to distinguish between past, conventional goals
release of dopamine too by releasing
endogenous opioids) • Route present, & future) (no avail data suggests organic brain
• Setting of drug use • Depersonalization damage)
administration: • Expectations (sense of strangeness about self)
• Previous experience of user • Decreased ability to perceive Cannabinoid hyperemesis
Pleasurable e ects: low doses the emotions of others syndrome: pattern of cyclic
Smoking: 60% of THC is
absorbed—rapid • Euphoria & relaxation • Reduced interpersonal nausea/vomitting that is relieved
• Gaity & hightened sense of interactions by taking a hot shower or bath
E ects begin in minutes
humor Adverse psychological e ects: Treatment:
Peak: 10-20 mins
Duration: 2-3 hrs • Increased sensitivity to visual & High doses: Cessation of marijuana use
auditory stimuli • Hallucinations
• Enhanced sense of touch, taste, • Delusions
& smell • Paranoia
Euphoria is replaced w/intense
anxiety
