TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 1
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
1. Whichn statement n best n describesn then cellularn functionn of n metabolicn absorption?
a. Cellsn cann producen proteins.
b. Cellsn cann secreten digestiven enzymes.
c. Cellsn cann taken inn and n usen nutrients.
d. Cellsn cann synthesizen fats.
ANS:n C
Inn metabolicn absorption,n alln cellsn taken inn and n usen nutrientsn and n othern substancesn fromn theirn surrou
ndings.n Then remainingn optionsn aren not n inclusiven inn theirn descriptionsn of n cellularn metabolicnabsorpt
ion.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
2. Wheren isn most n of n an cell’sn geneticn information,n includingn RNA n and n DNA,n contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:n C
Then nucleusn containsn then nucleolus,nan smalln densen structuren composed n largelyn of nRNA,n most n of nt
hen cellularn DNA,n and n then DNA-
bindingn proteins,n suchn asn then histones,n whichn regulaten itsn activity.n Then mitochondrian aren responsi
blen forn cellularn respirationn and n energyn production.
Ribosomes’n chief n functionn isn ton providensitesn forn cellularn proteinn synthesis.n Lysosomesn functionna
sn then intracellularn digestiven system.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
3. Whichn component n of n then celln producesn hydrogenn peroxiden(H 2O 2)n bynusingn oxygenntonremovenh
ydrogenn atomsn fromn specificn substratesn inn ann oxidativen reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:n B
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 2
Peroxisomesn aren son named n becausen theyn usuallyn containn enzymesn that n usen oxygenntonremoven hydr
ogenn atomsn fromn specificn substratesn inn ann oxidativen reactionn thatnproducesn H2O2,n whichn isn anpower
fuln oxidant n and n potentiallyn destructiven if n it n accumulatesn orn escapesn fromn peroxisomes.
Ribosomesn aren RNA-
proteinn complexesn (nucleoproteins)n that n aren synthesized n inn then nucleolusn and n secretedn inton then cy
toplasmn throughn poresn inn then nuclearn envelopen called n nuclearn poren complexes.n Lysosomesn aren sa
cliken structuresn that n originaten fromn then Golgin complexn and n containnmoren thann 40n digestiven enzym
esn called n hydrolases,nwhichn catalyzen bondsn inn proteins,n lipids,n nucleicn acids,n and n carbohydrates.n
Ann endosomen isn an vesicaln that n hasn beenn pinched n off n fromn then cellularn membrane.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
4. Whichn celln component n isn capablen of n cellularn autodigestionn whenn it n isn released n duringn celln injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgin complex
c. Smoothn endoplasmicn reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:n D
Then lysosomaln membranen actsn asn an protectiven shield n betweenn then powerfulndigestiven enzymesn wit
hinn then lysosomen and n then cytoplasm,n preventingn theirn leakagen inton then cytoplasmicn matrix.n Disru
ptionn of n then membranen byn variousn treatmentsn orncellularn injuryn leadsn ton an releasen of n then lysosomal
n enzymes,n whichn cann thenn react n withn theirn specificn substrates,n causingn cellularn self-
n digestion.n Then chief n functionn of n an ribosomen isn ton providen sitesn forn cellularn proteinn synthesis.n Then
Golgin complexn isn an networkn of n flattened,nsmoothn vesiclesn and nmembranesn oftenn locatedn nearn thenc
elln nucleus.n Then smoothn endoplasmicn reticulumn isn involved n inn steroid n hormonen productionn and nre
movingn toxicn substancesn fromn then cell.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
5. Whichn cAMP-mediated n responsen isn related n ton antidiureticn hormone?
a. Increased n heart n raten and n forcen of n contraction
b. Secretionn of n cortisol
c. Increased n retentionn of n water
d. Breakdownn of n fat
ANS:n C
Antidiureticn hormonen leadsn ton increased n retentionn ofn waterninn thenbody.n Epinephrinen causesn in
creasesn inn heart n raten and n forcen ofn contraction.n Increased n cortisoln secretionn isn duentonACTH.nBre
akdownn of n fat n isn duen ton glucagon.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
6. Duringn whichn phasen of n then celln cyclen isn DNA n synthesized?
a. G 1
b. S
c. G 2
d. M
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 3
ANS:n B
Then fourn designated n phasesn ofn then celln cyclen are:n (1)n thenG1n phasen(Gn =n gap),n whichn isn then period n b
etweenn then Mn phasen (Mn =nmitosis)n and n thenstart nof nDNA nsynthesis;n (2)n thenSn phasen(Sn =n synthesis),
n duringn whichn DNA nisn synthesized ninn then celln nucleus;n (3)n then G2 nphase,n duringn whichnR NA n and n pr
oteinn synthesisn occurs,n then period n betweenn then completionn of n DNA n synthesisn and n thennext n phasen (
M);n and n (4)n then Mn phase,n whichn includesn nuclearn and n cytoplasmicn division.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
7. What n organicn compound n facilitatesn transportationn acrossn celln membranesn byn actingn asn receptors,nt
ransport n channelsn forn electrolytes,n and n enzymesn ton driven activen pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:n C
Proteinsn haven severaln functions,n includingn actingn asn receptors,n transport n channelsn fornelectrolytes,na
nd n enzymesn ton driven activen pumpsn Lipidsn helpnact n asn then “glue”n holdingn celln membranesn together.n
Proteasesn causen then breakdownn ofn protein.n Carbohydratesn aren involved n inn cellularn protectionn and n l
ubricationn and n helpn producen energyn vian oxidativen phosphorylation.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
8. Understandingn thenvariousn stepsn ofn proteolyticn cascadesn maynben usefuln inn designingn drugn therapynf
orn whichn humann diseases?
a. Cardiacn and n vascularn disorders
b. Autoimmunen and n malignant n disorders
c. Gastrointestinaln and n renaln disorders
d. Endocrinen and n gastrointestinaln disorders
ANS:n B
Understandingn thenvariousn stepsn involved n innthisn processn isn crucialn forn designingn drugninte
rventions.n Dysregulationn of n proteasesn featuresn prominentlyn inn manyn humann diseases,nincl
udingn cancer,n autoimmunity,n and n neurodegenerativen disorders.n Cardiac,n vascular,n gastroi
ntestinal,n renal,n and n endocrinen disordersn don not n involven thisn process.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
9. Whichn structuren preventsn water-
solublen moleculesn fromn enteringn cellsn acrossn then plasmanmembrane?
a. Carbohydraten chains
b. Glycoproteinn channels
c. Membranen channeln proteins
d. Lipid n bilayer
ANS:n D
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 4
Then bilayer’sn structuren accountsn forn onen of n thenessentialn functionsn ofnthenplasman membrane.n It n isn im
permeablen ton most n water-solublen moleculesn (moleculesn that n dissolven inn water)n becausen then water-
solublen moleculesn aren insolublen inn then oilyn coren region.n Then bilayern servesn asn an barriern ton then diffusi
onn of n watern and n hydrophilicn substancesn whilen allowingn lipid-
solublen molecules,n suchn asnoxygenn (O2 )n and n carbonn dioxiden (CO2 ),ntondiffusen throughn it nreadily.n Car
bohydraten chains,n glycoproteinn channels,n and n membranen channeln proteinsn don not n prevent n water-
solublen moleculesn fromn enteringn cellsn acrossn then celln membrane.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
10. An student nasksn fornann explanationn ofn thenabsoluten refractoryn periodn ofnthen actionn potential.n What nr
esponsen byn then professorn isn best?
a. A n strongern thann normaln impulsen willn evoken anothern response.
b. Non stimulusn isn ablen ton evoken anothern responsen at n thisn time.
c. Multiplen stimulin cann producen moren rapid n actionn potentials.
d. Then hyperpolarized n staten meansn an weakern stimulusn producesn an response.
ANS:n B
Duringn then absoluten refractoryn staten ofnthenactionn potential,n non stimulusn isn ablen ton evoken anothernr
esponsen fromn then cell.n An strongern thannnormaln impulsen mayn generaten an responsen inn then relativenref
ractoryn period.n Thisn period n of n timen isn not nrelated ntonthen numbern ofn stimuli.n An hyperpolarized n state
n meansn an strongern thann normaln stimulusn would n ben needed n ton generaten an response.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
11. Whichn formn of n celln communicationn isn used n ton communicaten withinn then celln itself nand nwithn othernc
ellsn inn direct n physicaln contact?
a. Proteinn channeln (gapn junction)
b. Plasman membrane-bound n signalingn molecules
c. Hormonen secretionn suchn asn neurotransmitters
d. Extracellularn chemicaln messengersn suchn asn ligands
ANS:n B
Cellsn communicaten inn threen mainn ways;n theyn displayn plasman membrane-
bound n signalingn moleculesn that n affect n then celln itself nand nothern cellsn inn direct nphysicaln contact n withni
t,n theyn affect n receptornproteinsn insiden then target ncell,n and ntheynformn proteinn channelsn (gapn junctions
)n that n directlyn coordinaten then activitiesn of n adjacent n cells.n Neurotransmittersn aren released n byn neuron
sn and ncrossn then synapticn cleft ntoncommunicaten withn then cellsn theyn innervate.n Ligandsn aren involved n i
nn bindingn processes.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
12. Whichn moden of n chemicaln signalingn usesn blood n tontransport n communicationn toncellsn somen distancena
way?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
n n n
MULTIPLEnCHOICE
1. Whichn statement n best n describesn then cellularn functionn of n metabolicn absorption?
a. Cellsn cann producen proteins.
b. Cellsn cann secreten digestiven enzymes.
c. Cellsn cann taken inn and n usen nutrients.
d. Cellsn cann synthesizen fats.
ANS:n C
Inn metabolicn absorption,n alln cellsn taken inn and n usen nutrientsn and n othern substancesn fromn theirn surrou
ndings.n Then remainingn optionsn aren not n inclusiven inn theirn descriptionsn of n cellularn metabolicnabsorpt
ion.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
2. Wheren isn most n of n an cell’sn geneticn information,n includingn RNA n and n DNA,n contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:n C
Then nucleusn containsn then nucleolus,nan smalln densen structuren composed n largelyn of nRNA,n most n of nt
hen cellularn DNA,n and n then DNA-
bindingn proteins,n suchn asn then histones,n whichn regulaten itsn activity.n Then mitochondrian aren responsi
blen forn cellularn respirationn and n energyn production.
Ribosomes’n chief n functionn isn ton providensitesn forn cellularn proteinn synthesis.n Lysosomesn functionna
sn then intracellularn digestiven system.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
3. Whichn component n of n then celln producesn hydrogenn peroxiden(H 2O 2)n bynusingn oxygenntonremovenh
ydrogenn atomsn fromn specificn substratesn inn ann oxidativen reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:n B
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 2
Peroxisomesn aren son named n becausen theyn usuallyn containn enzymesn that n usen oxygenntonremoven hydr
ogenn atomsn fromn specificn substratesn inn ann oxidativen reactionn thatnproducesn H2O2,n whichn isn anpower
fuln oxidant n and n potentiallyn destructiven if n it n accumulatesn orn escapesn fromn peroxisomes.
Ribosomesn aren RNA-
proteinn complexesn (nucleoproteins)n that n aren synthesized n inn then nucleolusn and n secretedn inton then cy
toplasmn throughn poresn inn then nuclearn envelopen called n nuclearn poren complexes.n Lysosomesn aren sa
cliken structuresn that n originaten fromn then Golgin complexn and n containnmoren thann 40n digestiven enzym
esn called n hydrolases,nwhichn catalyzen bondsn inn proteins,n lipids,n nucleicn acids,n and n carbohydrates.n
Ann endosomen isn an vesicaln that n hasn beenn pinched n off n fromn then cellularn membrane.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
4. Whichn celln component n isn capablen of n cellularn autodigestionn whenn it n isn released n duringn celln injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgin complex
c. Smoothn endoplasmicn reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:n D
Then lysosomaln membranen actsn asn an protectiven shield n betweenn then powerfulndigestiven enzymesn wit
hinn then lysosomen and n then cytoplasm,n preventingn theirn leakagen inton then cytoplasmicn matrix.n Disru
ptionn of n then membranen byn variousn treatmentsn orncellularn injuryn leadsn ton an releasen of n then lysosomal
n enzymes,n whichn cann thenn react n withn theirn specificn substrates,n causingn cellularn self-
n digestion.n Then chief n functionn of n an ribosomen isn ton providen sitesn forn cellularn proteinn synthesis.n Then
Golgin complexn isn an networkn of n flattened,nsmoothn vesiclesn and nmembranesn oftenn locatedn nearn thenc
elln nucleus.n Then smoothn endoplasmicn reticulumn isn involved n inn steroid n hormonen productionn and nre
movingn toxicn substancesn fromn then cell.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
5. Whichn cAMP-mediated n responsen isn related n ton antidiureticn hormone?
a. Increased n heart n raten and n forcen of n contraction
b. Secretionn of n cortisol
c. Increased n retentionn of n water
d. Breakdownn of n fat
ANS:n C
Antidiureticn hormonen leadsn ton increased n retentionn ofn waterninn thenbody.n Epinephrinen causesn in
creasesn inn heart n raten and n forcen ofn contraction.n Increased n cortisoln secretionn isn duentonACTH.nBre
akdownn of n fat n isn duen ton glucagon.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
6. Duringn whichn phasen of n then celln cyclen isn DNA n synthesized?
a. G 1
b. S
c. G 2
d. M
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 3
ANS:n B
Then fourn designated n phasesn ofn then celln cyclen are:n (1)n thenG1n phasen(Gn =n gap),n whichn isn then period n b
etweenn then Mn phasen (Mn =nmitosis)n and n thenstart nof nDNA nsynthesis;n (2)n thenSn phasen(Sn =n synthesis),
n duringn whichn DNA nisn synthesized ninn then celln nucleus;n (3)n then G2 nphase,n duringn whichnR NA n and n pr
oteinn synthesisn occurs,n then period n betweenn then completionn of n DNA n synthesisn and n thennext n phasen (
M);n and n (4)n then Mn phase,n whichn includesn nuclearn and n cytoplasmicn division.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
7. What n organicn compound n facilitatesn transportationn acrossn celln membranesn byn actingn asn receptors,nt
ransport n channelsn forn electrolytes,n and n enzymesn ton driven activen pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:n C
Proteinsn haven severaln functions,n includingn actingn asn receptors,n transport n channelsn fornelectrolytes,na
nd n enzymesn ton driven activen pumpsn Lipidsn helpnact n asn then “glue”n holdingn celln membranesn together.n
Proteasesn causen then breakdownn ofn protein.n Carbohydratesn aren involved n inn cellularn protectionn and n l
ubricationn and n helpn producen energyn vian oxidativen phosphorylation.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
8. Understandingn thenvariousn stepsn ofn proteolyticn cascadesn maynben usefuln inn designingn drugn therapynf
orn whichn humann diseases?
a. Cardiacn and n vascularn disorders
b. Autoimmunen and n malignant n disorders
c. Gastrointestinaln and n renaln disorders
d. Endocrinen and n gastrointestinaln disorders
ANS:n B
Understandingn thenvariousn stepsn involved n innthisn processn isn crucialn forn designingn drugninte
rventions.n Dysregulationn of n proteasesn featuresn prominentlyn inn manyn humann diseases,nincl
udingn cancer,n autoimmunity,n and n neurodegenerativen disorders.n Cardiac,n vascular,n gastroi
ntestinal,n renal,n and n endocrinen disordersn don not n involven thisn process.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
9. Whichn structuren preventsn water-
solublen moleculesn fromn enteringn cellsn acrossn then plasmanmembrane?
a. Carbohydraten chains
b. Glycoproteinn channels
c. Membranen channeln proteins
d. Lipid n bilayer
ANS:n D
, TestnBankn-nPathophysiology:nThe nBiologicnBasisnfornDisease ninnAdultsnandnChildrenn(9th)2022nnnnn 4
Then bilayer’sn structuren accountsn forn onen of n thenessentialn functionsn ofnthenplasman membrane.n It n isn im
permeablen ton most n water-solublen moleculesn (moleculesn that n dissolven inn water)n becausen then water-
solublen moleculesn aren insolublen inn then oilyn coren region.n Then bilayern servesn asn an barriern ton then diffusi
onn of n watern and n hydrophilicn substancesn whilen allowingn lipid-
solublen molecules,n suchn asnoxygenn (O2 )n and n carbonn dioxiden (CO2 ),ntondiffusen throughn it nreadily.n Car
bohydraten chains,n glycoproteinn channels,n and n membranen channeln proteinsn don not n prevent n water-
solublen moleculesn fromn enteringn cellsn acrossn then celln membrane.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
10. An student nasksn fornann explanationn ofn thenabsoluten refractoryn periodn ofnthen actionn potential.n What nr
esponsen byn then professorn isn best?
a. A n strongern thann normaln impulsen willn evoken anothern response.
b. Non stimulusn isn ablen ton evoken anothern responsen at n thisn time.
c. Multiplen stimulin cann producen moren rapid n actionn potentials.
d. Then hyperpolarized n staten meansn an weakern stimulusn producesn an response.
ANS:n B
Duringn then absoluten refractoryn staten ofnthenactionn potential,n non stimulusn isn ablen ton evoken anothernr
esponsen fromn then cell.n An strongern thannnormaln impulsen mayn generaten an responsen inn then relativenref
ractoryn period.n Thisn period n of n timen isn not nrelated ntonthen numbern ofn stimuli.n An hyperpolarized n state
n meansn an strongern thann normaln stimulusn would n ben needed n ton generaten an response.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
11. Whichn formn of n celln communicationn isn used n ton communicaten withinn then celln itself nand nwithn othernc
ellsn inn direct n physicaln contact?
a. Proteinn channeln (gapn junction)
b. Plasman membrane-bound n signalingn molecules
c. Hormonen secretionn suchn asn neurotransmitters
d. Extracellularn chemicaln messengersn suchn asn ligands
ANS:n B
Cellsn communicaten inn threen mainn ways;n theyn displayn plasman membrane-
bound n signalingn moleculesn that n affect n then celln itself nand nothern cellsn inn direct nphysicaln contact n withni
t,n theyn affect n receptornproteinsn insiden then target ncell,n and ntheynformn proteinn channelsn (gapn junctions
)n that n directlyn coordinaten then activitiesn of n adjacent n cells.n Neurotransmittersn aren released n byn neuron
sn and ncrossn then synapticn cleft ntoncommunicaten withn then cellsn theyn innervate.n Ligandsn aren involved n i
nn bindingn processes.
PTS:nnn 1 DIF: Cognitiven Level:n Remembering
12. Whichn moden of n chemicaln signalingn usesn blood n tontransport n communicationn toncellsn somen distancena
way?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
