PSYC 375 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology? -
✔✔the cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole
✔✔One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was: - ✔✔they found that when a
certain area of the cortex was stimulated, muscular movements were elicited from the
opposite side of the body
✔✔According to Helmholtz, it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view
of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He
described this process with his: - ✔✔theory of signs
✔✔Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except: - ✔✔as
useful as science was, it could never investigate life itself
✔✔Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight
they: - ✔✔needed to learn to perceive
✔✔Muller believed that: - ✔✔our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the
type of sensory receptors we possess
✔✔Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily
structure, posture, and movement, was called: - ✔✔physiognomy
✔✔Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness. - ✔✔liberty
✔✔The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most
important? - ✔✔irrational feelings
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute
paradox" with: - ✔✔faith
✔✔The Enlightenment is also referred to as the - ✔✔Age of reason
✔✔According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is: - ✔✔A
matter of choice
✔✔Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence
on - ✔✔Jung
,✔✔Rousseau supported Protestantism because: - ✔✔God's existence could be
defended on the basis of individual feelings
✔✔Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common? - ✔✔A criticism of the organized
church and science
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do
not recognize their ability to choose.
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual
decides to: - ✔✔embrace God and take God's existence on faith
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a
particular organism, it becomes: - ✔✔The will to survive
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical
principles established by others.
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship
with God.
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: - ✔✔an unending cycle of
needs and need satisfaction
✔✔Rousseau believed that education should: - ✔✔stimulate the development of a
child's natural impulses
✔✔Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to
be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. - ✔✔animalistic; good
✔✔Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. -
✔✔perspectivism
✔✔The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the
author? - ✔✔Rousseau
✔✔For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: - ✔✔The will to
power
✔✔Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? - ✔✔Russeau
,✔✔Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: - ✔✔every
individual strives to be all that he or she could be
✔✔At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between - ✔✔Apollonian and
Dionysian tendencies
✔✔Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that: - ✔✔the brain is larger in
eminent men and supposed superior races
✔✔Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: -
✔✔Negative sensations
✔✔Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: - ✔✔Evolutionary Theories
✔✔Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they
lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He
attributed this increased sensitivity to: - ✔✔kinesthesis
✔✔Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: -
✔✔they are all derived from experience
✔✔What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? - ✔✔He used electrical
stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex
✔✔Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: - ✔✔resonance place theory
✔✔Gall believed which of the following? - ✔✔The bumps and indentations on the skull
indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties
✔✔Bessel used personal equations to: - ✔✔correct differences in the reaction times
among various observers
✔✔Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered
the: - ✔✔physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
✔✔For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: - ✔✔allows humans to
reach their full potential and express free will
✔✔Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as
a(n): - ✔✔noble savage
, ✔✔According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for
learning? - ✔✔A child's natural interests
✔✔Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good
and evil? - ✔✔Goethe
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. - ✔✔intelligent humans
✔✔Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: - ✔✔they fear death
✔✔Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at
least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such
things as music, poetry, or art. - ✔✔sublimation
✔✔Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard
suggested for the development of human freedom? - ✔✔aesthetic, ethical, religious
✔✔Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the
desire for predictability and orderliness. - ✔✔Apollonian
✔✔Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: - ✔✔controlled passion
✔✔Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: - ✔✔psychologist
✔✔Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche
believed they should be ____. - ✔✔repressed; expressed
✔✔What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? - ✔✔The importance of
subjective experience
✔✔What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each
containing a characteristic energy? - ✔✔The doctrine of specific nerve energies
✔✔According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a
considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a
____ afterimage. - ✔✔yellow
✔✔The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: - ✔✔individual brain areas
have specialized functions
✔✔Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
- ✔✔just noticeable difference
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology? -
✔✔the cortical area of the brain functioned as a whole
✔✔One important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig was: - ✔✔they found that when a
certain area of the cortex was stimulated, muscular movements were elicited from the
opposite side of the body
✔✔According to Helmholtz, it was the mind's job to create a reasonably accurate view
of reality based on the distorted and incomplete information furnished by the senses. He
described this process with his: - ✔✔theory of signs
✔✔Helmholtz and many of his colleagues believed all of the following except: - ✔✔as
useful as science was, it could never investigate life itself
✔✔Helmholtz found that when individuals who had been blind since birth acquired sight
they: - ✔✔needed to learn to perceive
✔✔Muller believed that: - ✔✔our knowledge of the physical world was limited by the
type of sensory receptors we possess
✔✔Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily
structure, posture, and movement, was called: - ✔✔physiognomy
✔✔Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness. - ✔✔liberty
✔✔The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most
important? - ✔✔irrational feelings
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, God gives humans a way of dealing with the "absolute
paradox" with: - ✔✔faith
✔✔The Enlightenment is also referred to as the - ✔✔Age of reason
✔✔According to Nietzsche, the difference between freedom and slavery is: - ✔✔A
matter of choice
✔✔Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence
on - ✔✔Jung
,✔✔Rousseau supported Protestantism because: - ✔✔God's existence could be
defended on the basis of individual feelings
✔✔Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had what in common? - ✔✔A criticism of the organized
church and science
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People are open to experiences and seek out many forms of pleasure, but they do
not recognize their ability to choose.
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual
decides to: - ✔✔embrace God and take God's existence on faith
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a
particular organism, it becomes: - ✔✔The will to survive
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical
principles established by others.
✔✔According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? -
✔✔People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship
with God.
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: - ✔✔an unending cycle of
needs and need satisfaction
✔✔Rousseau believed that education should: - ✔✔stimulate the development of a
child's natural impulses
✔✔Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to
be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. - ✔✔animalistic; good
✔✔Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. -
✔✔perspectivism
✔✔The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the
author? - ✔✔Rousseau
✔✔For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: - ✔✔The will to
power
✔✔Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? - ✔✔Russeau
,✔✔Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: - ✔✔every
individual strives to be all that he or she could be
✔✔At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between - ✔✔Apollonian and
Dionysian tendencies
✔✔Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that: - ✔✔the brain is larger in
eminent men and supposed superior races
✔✔Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: -
✔✔Negative sensations
✔✔Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: - ✔✔Evolutionary Theories
✔✔Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they
lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He
attributed this increased sensitivity to: - ✔✔kinesthesis
✔✔Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: -
✔✔they are all derived from experience
✔✔What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? - ✔✔He used electrical
stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex
✔✔Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: - ✔✔resonance place theory
✔✔Gall believed which of the following? - ✔✔The bumps and indentations on the skull
indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties
✔✔Bessel used personal equations to: - ✔✔correct differences in the reaction times
among various observers
✔✔Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered
the: - ✔✔physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
✔✔For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: - ✔✔allows humans to
reach their full potential and express free will
✔✔Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as
a(n): - ✔✔noble savage
, ✔✔According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for
learning? - ✔✔A child's natural interests
✔✔Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good
and evil? - ✔✔Goethe
✔✔According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. - ✔✔intelligent humans
✔✔Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: - ✔✔they fear death
✔✔Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at
least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such
things as music, poetry, or art. - ✔✔sublimation
✔✔Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard
suggested for the development of human freedom? - ✔✔aesthetic, ethical, religious
✔✔Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the
desire for predictability and orderliness. - ✔✔Apollonian
✔✔Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: - ✔✔controlled passion
✔✔Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: - ✔✔psychologist
✔✔Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche
believed they should be ____. - ✔✔repressed; expressed
✔✔What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? - ✔✔The importance of
subjective experience
✔✔What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each
containing a characteristic energy? - ✔✔The doctrine of specific nerve energies
✔✔According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a
considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a
____ afterimage. - ✔✔yellow
✔✔The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: - ✔✔individual brain areas
have specialized functions
✔✔Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
- ✔✔just noticeable difference
