Understanding Nutrition Chapter 12, Lesson 10|
Questions with 100% Correct Answers
filtered water - ✔️✔️water treated by filtration, usually through activated carbon filters that reduce
the lead in tap water, or by reverse osmosis units that force pressurized water across a membrane
removing lead, arsenic, and some microorganisms from tap water.
hard water - ✔️✔️water with a high calcium and magnesium content.
hydroxyapatite (high-drox-ee-APP-ah-tite) - ✔️✔️crystals made of calcium and phosphorus.
hyponatremia (HIGH-po-na-TREE-me-ah) - ✔️✔️a decreased concentration of sodium in the
blood.
hypothalamus - ✔️✔️a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance,
regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
interstitial fluid (IN-ter-STISH-al) - ✔️✔️fluid between the cells (intercellular), usually high in
sodium and chloride. Interstitial fluid is a large component of extracellular fluid.
intracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate.
Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately two-thirds of the body's water.
ions (EYE-uns) - ✔️✔️atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have
electrical charges. Examples include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively
charged chloride ion (Cl-). For a closer look at ions, see Appendix B.
magnesium - ✔️✔️a cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems.
major minerals - ✔️✔️essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively large
amounts (greater than 100 milligrams per day); sometimes called macrominerals.
metabolic water - ✔️✔️water generated during metabolism.
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) - ✔️✔️the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution.
Milliequivalents reveal characteristics about the solution that are not evident when the
concentration is expressed in terms of weight.
mineral water - ✔️✔️water from a spring or well that naturally contains at least 250 parts per
million (ppm) of minerals. Minerals give water a distinctive flavor. Many mineral waters are
high in sodium.
, mineralization - ✔️✔️the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on
the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone.
natural water - ✔️✔️water obtained from a spring or well that is certified to be safe and sanitary.
The mineral content may not be changed, but the water may be treated in other ways such as
with ozone or by filtration.
obligatory (ah-BLIG-ah-TORE-ee) water excretion - ✔️✔️the minimum amount of water the body
has to excrete each day to dispose of its wastes—about 500 mL (about 2 cups, or 1 pint).
oral rehydration therapy (ORT) - ✔️✔️the administration of a simple solution of sugar, salt, and
water, taken by mouth, to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea.
osmosis - ✔️✔️the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are
more concentrated.
osmotic pressure - ✔️✔️the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a
membrane.
osteoporosis - ✔️✔️a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones.
osteoporosis (OS-tee-oh-pore-OH-sis) - ✔️✔️a disease in which the bones become porous and
fragile due to a loss of minerals; also called adult bone loss.
oyster shell - ✔️✔️a product made from the powdered shells of oysters that is sold as a calcium
supplement, but it is not well absorbed by the digestive system.
parathyroid hormone - ✔️✔️a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium
by raising it when levels fall too low; also known as parathormone (PAIR-ah-THOR-moan).
peak bone mass - ✔️✔️the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the
first three decades of life.
phosphorus - ✔️✔️a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth.
potassium - ✔️✔️the principal cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid
balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions.
public water - ✔️✔️water from a municipal or county water system that has been treated and
disinfected.
purified water - ✔️✔️water that has been treated by distillation or other physical or chemical
processes that remove dissolved solids. Because purified water contains no minerals or
contaminants, it is useful for medical and research purposes.
Questions with 100% Correct Answers
filtered water - ✔️✔️water treated by filtration, usually through activated carbon filters that reduce
the lead in tap water, or by reverse osmosis units that force pressurized water across a membrane
removing lead, arsenic, and some microorganisms from tap water.
hard water - ✔️✔️water with a high calcium and magnesium content.
hydroxyapatite (high-drox-ee-APP-ah-tite) - ✔️✔️crystals made of calcium and phosphorus.
hyponatremia (HIGH-po-na-TREE-me-ah) - ✔️✔️a decreased concentration of sodium in the
blood.
hypothalamus - ✔️✔️a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance,
regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
interstitial fluid (IN-ter-STISH-al) - ✔️✔️fluid between the cells (intercellular), usually high in
sodium and chloride. Interstitial fluid is a large component of extracellular fluid.
intracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate.
Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately two-thirds of the body's water.
ions (EYE-uns) - ✔️✔️atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have
electrical charges. Examples include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively
charged chloride ion (Cl-). For a closer look at ions, see Appendix B.
magnesium - ✔️✔️a cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems.
major minerals - ✔️✔️essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively large
amounts (greater than 100 milligrams per day); sometimes called macrominerals.
metabolic water - ✔️✔️water generated during metabolism.
milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) - ✔️✔️the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution.
Milliequivalents reveal characteristics about the solution that are not evident when the
concentration is expressed in terms of weight.
mineral water - ✔️✔️water from a spring or well that naturally contains at least 250 parts per
million (ppm) of minerals. Minerals give water a distinctive flavor. Many mineral waters are
high in sodium.
, mineralization - ✔️✔️the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on
the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone.
natural water - ✔️✔️water obtained from a spring or well that is certified to be safe and sanitary.
The mineral content may not be changed, but the water may be treated in other ways such as
with ozone or by filtration.
obligatory (ah-BLIG-ah-TORE-ee) water excretion - ✔️✔️the minimum amount of water the body
has to excrete each day to dispose of its wastes—about 500 mL (about 2 cups, or 1 pint).
oral rehydration therapy (ORT) - ✔️✔️the administration of a simple solution of sugar, salt, and
water, taken by mouth, to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea.
osmosis - ✔️✔️the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are
more concentrated.
osmotic pressure - ✔️✔️the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a
membrane.
osteoporosis - ✔️✔️a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones.
osteoporosis (OS-tee-oh-pore-OH-sis) - ✔️✔️a disease in which the bones become porous and
fragile due to a loss of minerals; also called adult bone loss.
oyster shell - ✔️✔️a product made from the powdered shells of oysters that is sold as a calcium
supplement, but it is not well absorbed by the digestive system.
parathyroid hormone - ✔️✔️a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium
by raising it when levels fall too low; also known as parathormone (PAIR-ah-THOR-moan).
peak bone mass - ✔️✔️the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the
first three decades of life.
phosphorus - ✔️✔️a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth.
potassium - ✔️✔️the principal cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid
balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions.
public water - ✔️✔️water from a municipal or county water system that has been treated and
disinfected.
purified water - ✔️✔️water that has been treated by distillation or other physical or chemical
processes that remove dissolved solids. Because purified water contains no minerals or
contaminants, it is useful for medical and research purposes.
