ENT 101 midterm 1 EXAM VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS, SCORED A+
insect .represent .what .percent .of .all .known .species .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-over
.50%
vertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-have .an .internal .skeleton .(endoskeleton) .with
.vertebrae .arranged .into .a .spinal .column
invertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-no .vertebrae .(no .internal .support .structure)
.they .have .support .outside .their .body .(exoskeleton)
two .functions .of .the .vertebral .column .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .provides .support
.against .gravity .
2. .allows .for .large .body .sizes
vertebrate .animals .(5) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .amphibians .
2. .fish .
3. .reptiles
4. .birds .
5. .mammals
more .than .90% .of .all .species .are .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-invertebrates
most .recognized .species .of .invertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods
arthron .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-joint
podos .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-feet
arthropod .means .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-jointed .appendages
two .functions .of .jointed .appendages .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .locomotion .
2. .modified .for .different .structures .(antennae, .mouth .parts, .reproductive
.structures)
how .many .known .species .of .arthropods .are .there .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-about
.1.2 .million
arthropods .include .what .groups .(6) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .crabs .
2. .lobsters
,3. .spiders
4. .scorpion .
5. .millipedes
6. .centipedes
7. .insects
5 .characteristics .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .bilateral .symmetry .
2. .segmented .bodies .
3. .ventral .nerve .cords .
4. .dorsal .blood .vessels .
5. .exoskeletons
bilateral .symmetry .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-split .along .the .anterior-posterior .axis
.(forming .a .single .plane .of .symmetry, .separating .into .left .and .right .sides)
jellyfish .almost .have .perfect .of .what .type .of .symmetry .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
radial
3 .main .body .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .dorsal/ventral .
2. .anterior/posterior .
3. .lateral
dorsal .ventral .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .top .to .bottom
anterior .posterior .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .front .to .back
lateral .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .one .side .to .another
segmented .body .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fused .into .regions/tagmata .with .different
.biological .functions
ventral .nerve .cord .of .arthropods .is .not .enclosed .in .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
a .protective .spinal .column
what .type .of .nerve .cord .do .humans .have .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dorsal
what .kind .of .circulatory .system .do .humans .have .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-closed
open .circulatory .system .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-don't .have .a
.network .of .blood .vessels, .they .have .a .single .dorsal .blood .vessel .with .large
.openings .at .either .end
in .arthropods, .tissues .are .directly .exposed .to .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blood
exoskeleton .two .features .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hard .and .flexible
exoskeleton .of .arthropods .is .made .up .of .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cuticle .and
.epidermis
,exoskeleton .cuticle .is .made .up .of .which .two .things .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chitin
.and .protein
3 .layers .of .the .exoskeleton .cuticle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .waxy .epicuticle .
2. .exocuticle .
3. .endocuticle
exocuticle .is .hardened .by .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tanning
endocuticle .features .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-unhardened .and .stretchy
epidermis .of .exoskeleton .lies .where .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below .the
.endocuticle
basement .membrane .of .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-thin .tissue .under
.epidermis .(separating .it .form .the .body .cavity)
5 .functions .of .the .exoskeleton .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .protects
.from .damage .
2. .reduces .water .loss .
3. .site .for .muscle .attachment .
4. .barrier .against .microorganisms .
5. .supports .internal .organs
which .part .of .the .exoskeleton .reduces .water .loss .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the
.epicuticle
which .part .of .the .exoskeleton .acts .as .a .barrier .against .microorganisms .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-epicuticle
tanning .in .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .crosslinking .of .proteins .in .the
.chitin .protein .matrix .(sclerotization)
tanning .in .exoskeleton .can .be .achieved .how .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-by
.mineralization
disadvantage .of .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-limits .growth .(so .they .must
.moult .to .grow)
all .arthropods .must .do .what .to .grow .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-moult
moult .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-shedding .of .exoskeleton .regulated .by .hormones
4 .steps .of .moulting .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .apolysis .
2. .break .down .of .endocuticle .layer .
3. .new .cuticle .formed
4. .ecydisis
, apolysis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .separation .of .the .old .cuticle .from .the
.underlying .epidermal .cells
apolysis .is .stimulated .by .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ecdysteroid .moulting
.hormones .release .from .prothoracic .glands
apolysis .creates .a .new .space .under .the .old .cuticle .for .what .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-for .the .flow .of .digestive .fluids
what .breaksdown .the .endocuticle .layer .of .the .exoskeleton .into .metabolites .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-the .enzymes .in .the .digestive .fluid .becoming .activated
how .is .the .new .cuticle .formed .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-metabolites .are
.reabsorbed .by .the .epidermal .cells .and .used .to .form .it
ecdysis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .old .cuticle .is .cast .off
new .cuticle .after .moulting .will .be .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pale .and .soft
what .does .the .arthropod .do .to .make .their .bodies .bigger .before .the .new .cuticle
.hardens .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-they .contract .muscles .to .increase .internal .fluid
.pressures
the .new .body .size .can .be .even .more .increased .if .the .arthropod .does .what .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-swallows .air .or .water .to .inflate .the .gut
arthropods .are .extremely .vulnerable .to .what .before .the .new .exoskeleton
.hardens .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-predation .and .dessication
first .arthropods .appeared .when .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-during .the .cambrian
.period .(>520 .mya)
who .were .the .most .successful .ancient .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
trilobites
trilobites .survived .until .when .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .end .of .the .permian
.period
trilobites .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods .with .spiny .exoskeletons .likely .used
.for .defence
trilobites .lived .where .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-solely .in .marine .environments
earliest .land .animals .were .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods
land .arthropods .were .in .what .period .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-silurian .period .(440-
420 .mya)
SOLUTIONS, SCORED A+
insect .represent .what .percent .of .all .known .species .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-over
.50%
vertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-have .an .internal .skeleton .(endoskeleton) .with
.vertebrae .arranged .into .a .spinal .column
invertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-no .vertebrae .(no .internal .support .structure)
.they .have .support .outside .their .body .(exoskeleton)
two .functions .of .the .vertebral .column .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .provides .support
.against .gravity .
2. .allows .for .large .body .sizes
vertebrate .animals .(5) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .amphibians .
2. .fish .
3. .reptiles
4. .birds .
5. .mammals
more .than .90% .of .all .species .are .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-invertebrates
most .recognized .species .of .invertebrates .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods
arthron .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-joint
podos .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-feet
arthropod .means .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-jointed .appendages
two .functions .of .jointed .appendages .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .locomotion .
2. .modified .for .different .structures .(antennae, .mouth .parts, .reproductive
.structures)
how .many .known .species .of .arthropods .are .there .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-about
.1.2 .million
arthropods .include .what .groups .(6) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .crabs .
2. .lobsters
,3. .spiders
4. .scorpion .
5. .millipedes
6. .centipedes
7. .insects
5 .characteristics .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .bilateral .symmetry .
2. .segmented .bodies .
3. .ventral .nerve .cords .
4. .dorsal .blood .vessels .
5. .exoskeletons
bilateral .symmetry .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-split .along .the .anterior-posterior .axis
.(forming .a .single .plane .of .symmetry, .separating .into .left .and .right .sides)
jellyfish .almost .have .perfect .of .what .type .of .symmetry .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
radial
3 .main .body .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .dorsal/ventral .
2. .anterior/posterior .
3. .lateral
dorsal .ventral .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .top .to .bottom
anterior .posterior .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .front .to .back
lateral .axis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-from .one .side .to .another
segmented .body .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fused .into .regions/tagmata .with .different
.biological .functions
ventral .nerve .cord .of .arthropods .is .not .enclosed .in .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
a .protective .spinal .column
what .type .of .nerve .cord .do .humans .have .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dorsal
what .kind .of .circulatory .system .do .humans .have .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-closed
open .circulatory .system .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-don't .have .a
.network .of .blood .vessels, .they .have .a .single .dorsal .blood .vessel .with .large
.openings .at .either .end
in .arthropods, .tissues .are .directly .exposed .to .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blood
exoskeleton .two .features .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-hard .and .flexible
exoskeleton .of .arthropods .is .made .up .of .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cuticle .and
.epidermis
,exoskeleton .cuticle .is .made .up .of .which .two .things .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chitin
.and .protein
3 .layers .of .the .exoskeleton .cuticle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .waxy .epicuticle .
2. .exocuticle .
3. .endocuticle
exocuticle .is .hardened .by .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tanning
endocuticle .features .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-unhardened .and .stretchy
epidermis .of .exoskeleton .lies .where .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below .the
.endocuticle
basement .membrane .of .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-thin .tissue .under
.epidermis .(separating .it .form .the .body .cavity)
5 .functions .of .the .exoskeleton .of .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .protects
.from .damage .
2. .reduces .water .loss .
3. .site .for .muscle .attachment .
4. .barrier .against .microorganisms .
5. .supports .internal .organs
which .part .of .the .exoskeleton .reduces .water .loss .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the
.epicuticle
which .part .of .the .exoskeleton .acts .as .a .barrier .against .microorganisms .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-epicuticle
tanning .in .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .crosslinking .of .proteins .in .the
.chitin .protein .matrix .(sclerotization)
tanning .in .exoskeleton .can .be .achieved .how .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-by
.mineralization
disadvantage .of .exoskeleton .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-limits .growth .(so .they .must
.moult .to .grow)
all .arthropods .must .do .what .to .grow .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-moult
moult .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-shedding .of .exoskeleton .regulated .by .hormones
4 .steps .of .moulting .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1. .apolysis .
2. .break .down .of .endocuticle .layer .
3. .new .cuticle .formed
4. .ecydisis
, apolysis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .separation .of .the .old .cuticle .from .the
.underlying .epidermal .cells
apolysis .is .stimulated .by .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-ecdysteroid .moulting
.hormones .release .from .prothoracic .glands
apolysis .creates .a .new .space .under .the .old .cuticle .for .what .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-for .the .flow .of .digestive .fluids
what .breaksdown .the .endocuticle .layer .of .the .exoskeleton .into .metabolites .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-the .enzymes .in .the .digestive .fluid .becoming .activated
how .is .the .new .cuticle .formed .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-metabolites .are
.reabsorbed .by .the .epidermal .cells .and .used .to .form .it
ecdysis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .old .cuticle .is .cast .off
new .cuticle .after .moulting .will .be .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pale .and .soft
what .does .the .arthropod .do .to .make .their .bodies .bigger .before .the .new .cuticle
.hardens .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-they .contract .muscles .to .increase .internal .fluid
.pressures
the .new .body .size .can .be .even .more .increased .if .the .arthropod .does .what .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-swallows .air .or .water .to .inflate .the .gut
arthropods .are .extremely .vulnerable .to .what .before .the .new .exoskeleton
.hardens .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-predation .and .dessication
first .arthropods .appeared .when .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-during .the .cambrian
.period .(>520 .mya)
who .were .the .most .successful .ancient .arthropods .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
trilobites
trilobites .survived .until .when .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .end .of .the .permian
.period
trilobites .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods .with .spiny .exoskeletons .likely .used
.for .defence
trilobites .lived .where .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-solely .in .marine .environments
earliest .land .animals .were .what .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-arthropods
land .arthropods .were .in .what .period .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-silurian .period .(440-
420 .mya)
