: ·
· .·0
. ' .DRS. SOEOIJO ·.. : '
' . , :rJOKRODIHARJO DIP
:: .'. ' PEit.UM: !KIP 15-KETlt
.. . . SURABAYA . ·· · · .
CONCISE
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY .
. '
FOURTH EDITION
__ J.D. Lee __ ~
Senior Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistr _ _M~'j I
Loughborough UniversityofTechn~~~ .J
t
" .
CHAPMAN & HALL
Universi1y and Professional Division
London · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras
,UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN
USA Chapman & Hall, 29 West 35th Street, New York NYIOOOI ·
JAPAN Chapman & Hall Japan. Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakaw~cho
Nemoto Building, 7F, 1-7-11 Hirnkawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
AUSTRALIA Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia. 102 Dodds Street,
South Melbourne, Victoria 3205
INDIA Chapman & Hi11l India. R. Seshadri. :12 Sernnd Main Road, CIT East,
M<1dras (100 035
First published lt.164.
Fourth edition 1991
© 1964. 1965. 1977, 1991 J . D. Lee
· Typeset in i0/12 Times by Best-s.et Typesetter Ltd. _
Priiited in Singapore by Fong & Sons Printers Pte. Ltd.
ISBN o 412 40290 4
Aparl from ant fair dealing' for the purposes of resean:h 1.>r private study,
or criticism or review. as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and
Patents Act. 1988, this publication may not be reproduced. stored. or
transmitted. in any form or by any means. without the prior permission in
writing of the publishers. or in the case of reprographic reprod11ction only
in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK. or in accordance with the terms of licences
issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the
UK . Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here
should be sent to the publishers at the UK address printed .o n this page.
The publisher makes no representation. express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the informifrion contained in this book and cannot .
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
maybe made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Lee. J .D. (John David) 1931- ··
Concise inorganic chemistry. - 4th ed.
I. Inorganic chemistry
I. Title
546
ISBN 0-412-40290-4
Library of Congress C<ttaloging-in-Publication Data
Lce,J . D. (John David). l9Jl-
Concisc inorganic chemistry I J .D. Lee . -4th ed.
p. cm .
Rev ed : of: A new concise inorganic chemistry. Jrd ed. 1977.
Includes hihliogrnphical references and index ,
· ISBN 0-412-40290-4 (phk.) .
I. Chemistry. Physical and theoretical. 2. Chemical bonds.
I . Lee. J.D . (John David). 1931- New concis.e inorgi1nic chemistry,,
II. Title .
OD453 .2.L45 1991
5-46-dc20 91-9816
CIP
I
I
, Contents
Preface to the fourth edition xxx
SI units xx xiv
Nomenclature in the period table . xx xv
PART ONE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND HYDROGEN 1
Chapter 1 toinic structure and t e eriodic table i.. 3
The atom as a nuc eus with orbital electrons · 3
Atomic spectra of hydrogen and the Bohr theory 4
Refinements to the Bohr theory 8
The dual nature of electrons- particles or waves 10
The Heisenberg.uncertainty principle 1. ll
The Schrodinger wave equation · ) 12
Radial and angular functions 15
Pauli exclusion principle :· 21
Build-up of the elements. i-Iund's rule 21
Sequence of energy fovels 24
~rrnggemeor pf the eJemepts jh groups in the perjodiG table l· 25 """'
Further reading 27
Problems 27
Chapter 2 Introduction to bonding 30
Attainment of a stable configuration 30
Types of bonds 30
Trans·itions between the main types of bonding -. 32
Ionic bonds 32
Covalent bonds 33
Oxidation numbers 34
Coordinate bOnds 34
Double and triple bonds 35
Metallic bonds and metallic structures 36
Melting points 39
Conductivity 40
Solubility 40
Speed of reactions 40 )...
, L'iJ [__________ CONTENTS ··- --- -·- - ----
--- -- - --- --- -- __- I
'l :chapter 3 The ionic bond i 43
· - Structures of ionic solids 43
( .i Radius ratio rules 43
Calculation of some limiting radius ratio values 44
Coordination number 3 (planar triangle) 44
Coordination number 4 (tetrahedral) 44
Coordination number 6 (octahedral) 45
Close packing 46
Classification of ionic structures 47
Ionic compounds of the type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCI) 47
Structures of zinc sulphide 47
Sodium chloride structure 47
Caesium.chloride structure 48
Ionic compounds of the type AX 2 (CaF2 • Ti0 2 , Si0 2 ) 48
Calcium fluoride (fluorite) stru.cture 48
Rutile structure 48
~-cristobalite (sHica) structure 49
Layer structures (Cd}i, CdCl 2 , [NiAs]) 49
Cadmium iodide structure 49
Cadmium chloride structure 51
Nickel arsenide structure 51
Structures containing polyatomic ions 51
A more critical look at radius ratios 52
A cautionary word on radius ratios 52
Lattice energy v 54
Features of solids 58
Stoichiometric defects 59
Schottky defects 59
Frenkel defects 59
Nonstoichiometric defects 61
Metal excess 61
F-centres 61
Interstitial ions and electrons 62
· Metal deficiency 62
Positive ions absent 63
Extra interstitial negative ions 63
Semiconductors and transistors 63
Rectifiers 65
Photovoltaic cell 66
Transistors 66
Micro-minaturized semiconductor devices - integrated circuits 68
Further reading · 68
Problems 69
· .·0
. ' .DRS. SOEOIJO ·.. : '
' . , :rJOKRODIHARJO DIP
:: .'. ' PEit.UM: !KIP 15-KETlt
.. . . SURABAYA . ·· · · .
CONCISE
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY .
. '
FOURTH EDITION
__ J.D. Lee __ ~
Senior Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistr _ _M~'j I
Loughborough UniversityofTechn~~~ .J
t
" .
CHAPMAN & HALL
Universi1y and Professional Division
London · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras
,UK Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN
USA Chapman & Hall, 29 West 35th Street, New York NYIOOOI ·
JAPAN Chapman & Hall Japan. Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakaw~cho
Nemoto Building, 7F, 1-7-11 Hirnkawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102
AUSTRALIA Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia. 102 Dodds Street,
South Melbourne, Victoria 3205
INDIA Chapman & Hi11l India. R. Seshadri. :12 Sernnd Main Road, CIT East,
M<1dras (100 035
First published lt.164.
Fourth edition 1991
© 1964. 1965. 1977, 1991 J . D. Lee
· Typeset in i0/12 Times by Best-s.et Typesetter Ltd. _
Priiited in Singapore by Fong & Sons Printers Pte. Ltd.
ISBN o 412 40290 4
Aparl from ant fair dealing' for the purposes of resean:h 1.>r private study,
or criticism or review. as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and
Patents Act. 1988, this publication may not be reproduced. stored. or
transmitted. in any form or by any means. without the prior permission in
writing of the publishers. or in the case of reprographic reprod11ction only
in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency in the UK. or in accordance with the terms of licences
issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the
UK . Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here
should be sent to the publishers at the UK address printed .o n this page.
The publisher makes no representation. express or implied, with regard
to the accuracy of the informifrion contained in this book and cannot .
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
maybe made.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Lee. J .D. (John David) 1931- ··
Concise inorganic chemistry. - 4th ed.
I. Inorganic chemistry
I. Title
546
ISBN 0-412-40290-4
Library of Congress C<ttaloging-in-Publication Data
Lce,J . D. (John David). l9Jl-
Concisc inorganic chemistry I J .D. Lee . -4th ed.
p. cm .
Rev ed : of: A new concise inorganic chemistry. Jrd ed. 1977.
Includes hihliogrnphical references and index ,
· ISBN 0-412-40290-4 (phk.) .
I. Chemistry. Physical and theoretical. 2. Chemical bonds.
I . Lee. J.D . (John David). 1931- New concis.e inorgi1nic chemistry,,
II. Title .
OD453 .2.L45 1991
5-46-dc20 91-9816
CIP
I
I
, Contents
Preface to the fourth edition xxx
SI units xx xiv
Nomenclature in the period table . xx xv
PART ONE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS AND HYDROGEN 1
Chapter 1 toinic structure and t e eriodic table i.. 3
The atom as a nuc eus with orbital electrons · 3
Atomic spectra of hydrogen and the Bohr theory 4
Refinements to the Bohr theory 8
The dual nature of electrons- particles or waves 10
The Heisenberg.uncertainty principle 1. ll
The Schrodinger wave equation · ) 12
Radial and angular functions 15
Pauli exclusion principle :· 21
Build-up of the elements. i-Iund's rule 21
Sequence of energy fovels 24
~rrnggemeor pf the eJemepts jh groups in the perjodiG table l· 25 """'
Further reading 27
Problems 27
Chapter 2 Introduction to bonding 30
Attainment of a stable configuration 30
Types of bonds 30
Trans·itions between the main types of bonding -. 32
Ionic bonds 32
Covalent bonds 33
Oxidation numbers 34
Coordinate bOnds 34
Double and triple bonds 35
Metallic bonds and metallic structures 36
Melting points 39
Conductivity 40
Solubility 40
Speed of reactions 40 )...
, L'iJ [__________ CONTENTS ··- --- -·- - ----
--- -- - --- --- -- __- I
'l :chapter 3 The ionic bond i 43
· - Structures of ionic solids 43
( .i Radius ratio rules 43
Calculation of some limiting radius ratio values 44
Coordination number 3 (planar triangle) 44
Coordination number 4 (tetrahedral) 44
Coordination number 6 (octahedral) 45
Close packing 46
Classification of ionic structures 47
Ionic compounds of the type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCI) 47
Structures of zinc sulphide 47
Sodium chloride structure 47
Caesium.chloride structure 48
Ionic compounds of the type AX 2 (CaF2 • Ti0 2 , Si0 2 ) 48
Calcium fluoride (fluorite) stru.cture 48
Rutile structure 48
~-cristobalite (sHica) structure 49
Layer structures (Cd}i, CdCl 2 , [NiAs]) 49
Cadmium iodide structure 49
Cadmium chloride structure 51
Nickel arsenide structure 51
Structures containing polyatomic ions 51
A more critical look at radius ratios 52
A cautionary word on radius ratios 52
Lattice energy v 54
Features of solids 58
Stoichiometric defects 59
Schottky defects 59
Frenkel defects 59
Nonstoichiometric defects 61
Metal excess 61
F-centres 61
Interstitial ions and electrons 62
· Metal deficiency 62
Positive ions absent 63
Extra interstitial negative ions 63
Semiconductors and transistors 63
Rectifiers 65
Photovoltaic cell 66
Transistors 66
Micro-minaturized semiconductor devices - integrated circuits 68
Further reading · 68
Problems 69
