BIOLOGY 116 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
Determination of what DNA is made of - Hershey and Chase marked Virus's with two different
radioactive molecules (32p labels DNA, 35s labels protein)
32p was found only inside of infected cells
35s was found in ghost shells
Nucleic Acid - polymer of nucleotide monomer
Nucleotide - phosphate group+ sugar+ base
synthesized from nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)
Nucleoside - sugar + base
Ribose - found in RNA
contains additional O on 2' end
Deoxyribose - found in DNA
no O on 2' end
Purines - Guanine and Adenine (double ring)
Pyrimidines - Cytosine Uracil and Thymine (single ring)
Polymerization of of Nucleotides - 3' hydroxyl group in the sugar links with the phosphate group
of another nucleotide
Dehydration reaction
,Polarity of Nucleic acids - has polarity extending from free 5' to 3' end
Watson and Crick model of DNA secondary structure - has exterior sugar-phosphate backbone
with bases facing each other in the interior
Bases of two strands bond Via H bonds
There are hydrophobic interactions between bases of adjacent nucleotides
Strands are antiparallel
Base Bonds - G-C triple bond
A-T double bond
Three Hypothesis for DNA replication - semiconservative replication (right)
conservative replication
dispersive replication
DNA replication - DNA polymerase Catalyzes DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase requires an OH group to bind to
DNA grows on the 3' end
Origin of replication is where the replication starts
Usually more A-T at origin
dNTP deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate - precursor for DNucleotides
Types of DNA polymerase - DNA polymerase 1 and 3 complete DNA replication
DNA polymerase 2 repairs DNA
Helicase - Breaks H bonds between DNA strands
SSBPs (single strand DNA binding proteins) - stabalizes single strands of DNA after bonds are
broken
, Keeps the strands seperate
Topoisomerase - cuts and rejoins DNA downstream to relieve tension force
Primase - Synthesizes RNA primer
creates a short stretch of ribonucleotides that are complimentary to the origin of repication
How is the leading strand synthesized - the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to
3' direction
RNA primer - provides 3'OH group for DNA pol to synthesize DNA
Lagging strand synthesis - synthesized discontinuously in the direction away from the replication
fork
synthesized in short discontinuous strands called Ozaki fragments
After second O frag is synthesized DNA polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces it with
DNucleotides
DNA ligase closes gap in sugar phosphate backbone
Replisome - most of the enzymes in DNA synthesis are present in one large multienzyme
machine
The two DNA polymerase appear to move in the Same direction
Repairing mistakes - DNA polymerase inserts the wrong nucletide 1/100000 nucleotides but it
proofreads and stops and replaces the mismatched nucleotide reducing errors to 1 in 10 million
Mismatch repair enzyme systems - recognize mismatched pairs and remove and replace the
incorrect section
Nucleotide excision repair - recognizes DNA damage done by radiation or chemicals
ie thymidine dimers
WITH 100%RATED ANSWERS 2024/2025 LATEST
UPDATED/GET A+
Determination of what DNA is made of - Hershey and Chase marked Virus's with two different
radioactive molecules (32p labels DNA, 35s labels protein)
32p was found only inside of infected cells
35s was found in ghost shells
Nucleic Acid - polymer of nucleotide monomer
Nucleotide - phosphate group+ sugar+ base
synthesized from nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)
Nucleoside - sugar + base
Ribose - found in RNA
contains additional O on 2' end
Deoxyribose - found in DNA
no O on 2' end
Purines - Guanine and Adenine (double ring)
Pyrimidines - Cytosine Uracil and Thymine (single ring)
Polymerization of of Nucleotides - 3' hydroxyl group in the sugar links with the phosphate group
of another nucleotide
Dehydration reaction
,Polarity of Nucleic acids - has polarity extending from free 5' to 3' end
Watson and Crick model of DNA secondary structure - has exterior sugar-phosphate backbone
with bases facing each other in the interior
Bases of two strands bond Via H bonds
There are hydrophobic interactions between bases of adjacent nucleotides
Strands are antiparallel
Base Bonds - G-C triple bond
A-T double bond
Three Hypothesis for DNA replication - semiconservative replication (right)
conservative replication
dispersive replication
DNA replication - DNA polymerase Catalyzes DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase requires an OH group to bind to
DNA grows on the 3' end
Origin of replication is where the replication starts
Usually more A-T at origin
dNTP deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate - precursor for DNucleotides
Types of DNA polymerase - DNA polymerase 1 and 3 complete DNA replication
DNA polymerase 2 repairs DNA
Helicase - Breaks H bonds between DNA strands
SSBPs (single strand DNA binding proteins) - stabalizes single strands of DNA after bonds are
broken
, Keeps the strands seperate
Topoisomerase - cuts and rejoins DNA downstream to relieve tension force
Primase - Synthesizes RNA primer
creates a short stretch of ribonucleotides that are complimentary to the origin of repication
How is the leading strand synthesized - the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to
3' direction
RNA primer - provides 3'OH group for DNA pol to synthesize DNA
Lagging strand synthesis - synthesized discontinuously in the direction away from the replication
fork
synthesized in short discontinuous strands called Ozaki fragments
After second O frag is synthesized DNA polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces it with
DNucleotides
DNA ligase closes gap in sugar phosphate backbone
Replisome - most of the enzymes in DNA synthesis are present in one large multienzyme
machine
The two DNA polymerase appear to move in the Same direction
Repairing mistakes - DNA polymerase inserts the wrong nucletide 1/100000 nucleotides but it
proofreads and stops and replaces the mismatched nucleotide reducing errors to 1 in 10 million
Mismatch repair enzyme systems - recognize mismatched pairs and remove and replace the
incorrect section
Nucleotide excision repair - recognizes DNA damage done by radiation or chemicals
ie thymidine dimers
