4/8/25, 9:11
PM
I HUMAN CASES WEEK 7 (2025) COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS ( DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025
TEST!!
Terms in this set (57)
Is the inability to urinate an emergency Inability to urinate is an emergency and should be treated right away
or should you tell Ms. Burd to
continue to
monitor Noodle for the rest of the day?
BUN is Blood Urea Nitrogen - product of protein metabolism filtered out by
What does BUN stand for? What organ kidneys. When glomerular filtration rate is decreased or urinary tract is
does a BUN test evaluate? obstructed, urea nitrogen will build up in blood stream. Kidneys are unable to
fully filter out
urea nitrogen out of the vascular system causing BUN levels to decrease.
What other blood chemistry values may It is important to monitor blood pH; potassium levels of many animals with
be altered in a patient with a urethral urethral blockages will become hyperchloremic and acidotic which can be life
blockage, especially with longer-term threatening.
blockage?
Procedure used to clear urethra of foreign materials in male dogs. Urinary
catheter is inserted and fluids injected into urethra while prepuce is closed
What is urohydropulsion?
shut. Urethra caudal to obstruction is also held shut rectally allowing fluid to
expand urethra and hopefully flush the stone backwards into the urinary
bladder.
Why would cystocentesis be the best Cystocentesis is best method to collect urine. Noodle is blocked so catheters,
method to collect urine and free catch, and expression are not viable. Cystocentesis will allow for emptying of
partially empty Noodle's bladder? the bladder and urine sample collection.
Why should urine collection be done After urohydropulsion, bladder will have saline and lubricants in it which would
before starting urohydropulsion? alter the results of the urinalysis rendering findings invalid.
Urohydropulsion requires urinary catheter, large syringe with a catheter tip, sterile
What equipment is needed to perform
saline, exam glove, and lubricant. Ideally largest urinary catheter possible is used
urohydropulsion?
because a tight fit is best for this procedure.
Is slightly higher than average USG but still in the normal range. To prepare urine
sample for sediment you would take the urine and place into centrifuge tube and
Is this USG within normal range? What is
centrifuge for 3-5 minutes and drop off most of the supernatant and leave ½ to 1
the proper method for preparing a urine
mL in the centrifuge tube then suspend sediment in the fluid by flicking the tube
sample for a microscopic sediment
carefully or mixing with a pipette. Drop of mixed liquid is transported to a
examination?
microscope slide and evaluated. Stain can be added if desired and a cover slip is
placed over the liquid.
What is a benefit of using a stain when Staining urine sediment can improve differentiation between cell types,
examining urine sediment? What are however, it can introduce artifacts like bacteria or other precipitate material.
some problems that are associated with
staining urine sediment?
What are some other names for Struvite are frequently called triple phosphate or magnesium ammonium
struvite crystals? Describe the phosphate. Resemble coffin lids and are generally 6-8 sided prisms with tapered
appearance of struvite crystals. sides.
Slightly alkaline; alkaline urine most common in animals who have plant material
Is Noodle's acidic, neutral, or
based diet and acidic is mostly commonly seen in animals with a meat or
alkaline? How does diet affect
animal based diet. Omnivores can have neutral, acidic, or neutral urine.
urine pH?
1/
6
, 4/8/25, 9:11
PM
Acidic Only
1) Amorphous urates: granular precipitate
2)Uric acid: many different shapes but usually rhomboid or diamond. Are yellow
to yellow brown in color.
3) Leucine: yellow or brown. Pin cushion or wheel shaped.
4)Tyrosine: dark refractive needle projections; clustered.
5) Cystine: thin, flat hexagons
Alkaline Only
Name two crystals that form in acidic 1) Amorphous phosphate: granular precipitate
urine, two in alkaline urine, and two that 2)Calcium Carbonate
form in varying pH. Give descriptions of
each of the crystal's microscopic Neutral or varying
appearance. 1) Sulfonamide: acidic or neutral. Dark, round, crystals radiate from the center
2)Ammonium biurate: slightly acidic/neutral/or alkaline urine. Brown with long or
irregular spicules like a thorn apple.
3) Calcium oxalate dehydrate: acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Small squares with an X
on the back of the crystals.
4) Calcium oxalate monohydrate: acidic, neutral, or alkaline urine.
Dumbbell shaped or elongated with pointed ends.
5) Calcium carbonate: neutral or alkaline urine. Round with lines radiating from the
center or dumbbell shaped.
6)Triple phosphate: mostly alkaline, slightly acidic, neutral
Your assessment of Noodle identifies Monitoring vital signs, performing urinalysis, giving fluids, or recording urinary
altered urinary output. Provide three output per order of DVM, monitoring for pain or discomfort, ensure preoperative
interventions you should initiate. compliance, give urinary specific diets as ordered.
Technician driven, not vet driven
interventions while Noodle is still in the
hospital.
What is normal urinary output for a dog For a dog, it is 20-40 mL/kg per day
each day?
Give all client information relating to any prescribed medications, and shown how
What client education should you to administer the medications. Send home urinary specific diets and make sure
give before Noodle is released to the nothing else bit this diet is fed. Additionally, tell the owner to monitor the incision
owner? for any igns for infection and to take the dog out to urinate frequently.
What factors can influence the difficulty Nutrition, age, pelvic diameter, gestation length. Then consider the size and
or ease of parturition? presentation of the fetus.
Stage 1: Uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix characterize first stage.
Lasts 1-24 hours. Ends with the passing of a part of the fetus into the vaginal canal.
Stage 2: Second stage is passing of the fetus into the vaginal canal. Ends when
What are the different stages of calving?
passing of the fetus from the vaginal canal. Should last 1-4 hours with most mature
How long should each stage last?
cows delivering within 3 hours.
Stage 3: Final and third stage is passing of the fetal membranes which
typically occurs within 12 hours.
Vet must place arm into the cow's vagina and somewhat within the uterus. It is
Why would thoroughly cleaning the cow
important to minimize bacterial or other contamination of this area.
be important in this situation?
Contamination can cause pyometra or other infection after parturition.
What does it mean for a calf to be Breech presentation means that the calf is entering the vaginal calf backwards
presenting breech? What is normal calf with rear end first. Normal calf presentation is forelegs first in the diving position.
presentation?
1) Not usual for calves to get membranes in or covering the respiratory
tract. Some calves may also inhale meconium.
2/
6
PM
I HUMAN CASES WEEK 7 (2025) COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS ( DETAILED & ELABORATED) ACTUAL EXAM 2025
TEST!!
Terms in this set (57)
Is the inability to urinate an emergency Inability to urinate is an emergency and should be treated right away
or should you tell Ms. Burd to
continue to
monitor Noodle for the rest of the day?
BUN is Blood Urea Nitrogen - product of protein metabolism filtered out by
What does BUN stand for? What organ kidneys. When glomerular filtration rate is decreased or urinary tract is
does a BUN test evaluate? obstructed, urea nitrogen will build up in blood stream. Kidneys are unable to
fully filter out
urea nitrogen out of the vascular system causing BUN levels to decrease.
What other blood chemistry values may It is important to monitor blood pH; potassium levels of many animals with
be altered in a patient with a urethral urethral blockages will become hyperchloremic and acidotic which can be life
blockage, especially with longer-term threatening.
blockage?
Procedure used to clear urethra of foreign materials in male dogs. Urinary
catheter is inserted and fluids injected into urethra while prepuce is closed
What is urohydropulsion?
shut. Urethra caudal to obstruction is also held shut rectally allowing fluid to
expand urethra and hopefully flush the stone backwards into the urinary
bladder.
Why would cystocentesis be the best Cystocentesis is best method to collect urine. Noodle is blocked so catheters,
method to collect urine and free catch, and expression are not viable. Cystocentesis will allow for emptying of
partially empty Noodle's bladder? the bladder and urine sample collection.
Why should urine collection be done After urohydropulsion, bladder will have saline and lubricants in it which would
before starting urohydropulsion? alter the results of the urinalysis rendering findings invalid.
Urohydropulsion requires urinary catheter, large syringe with a catheter tip, sterile
What equipment is needed to perform
saline, exam glove, and lubricant. Ideally largest urinary catheter possible is used
urohydropulsion?
because a tight fit is best for this procedure.
Is slightly higher than average USG but still in the normal range. To prepare urine
sample for sediment you would take the urine and place into centrifuge tube and
Is this USG within normal range? What is
centrifuge for 3-5 minutes and drop off most of the supernatant and leave ½ to 1
the proper method for preparing a urine
mL in the centrifuge tube then suspend sediment in the fluid by flicking the tube
sample for a microscopic sediment
carefully or mixing with a pipette. Drop of mixed liquid is transported to a
examination?
microscope slide and evaluated. Stain can be added if desired and a cover slip is
placed over the liquid.
What is a benefit of using a stain when Staining urine sediment can improve differentiation between cell types,
examining urine sediment? What are however, it can introduce artifacts like bacteria or other precipitate material.
some problems that are associated with
staining urine sediment?
What are some other names for Struvite are frequently called triple phosphate or magnesium ammonium
struvite crystals? Describe the phosphate. Resemble coffin lids and are generally 6-8 sided prisms with tapered
appearance of struvite crystals. sides.
Slightly alkaline; alkaline urine most common in animals who have plant material
Is Noodle's acidic, neutral, or
based diet and acidic is mostly commonly seen in animals with a meat or
alkaline? How does diet affect
animal based diet. Omnivores can have neutral, acidic, or neutral urine.
urine pH?
1/
6
, 4/8/25, 9:11
PM
Acidic Only
1) Amorphous urates: granular precipitate
2)Uric acid: many different shapes but usually rhomboid or diamond. Are yellow
to yellow brown in color.
3) Leucine: yellow or brown. Pin cushion or wheel shaped.
4)Tyrosine: dark refractive needle projections; clustered.
5) Cystine: thin, flat hexagons
Alkaline Only
Name two crystals that form in acidic 1) Amorphous phosphate: granular precipitate
urine, two in alkaline urine, and two that 2)Calcium Carbonate
form in varying pH. Give descriptions of
each of the crystal's microscopic Neutral or varying
appearance. 1) Sulfonamide: acidic or neutral. Dark, round, crystals radiate from the center
2)Ammonium biurate: slightly acidic/neutral/or alkaline urine. Brown with long or
irregular spicules like a thorn apple.
3) Calcium oxalate dehydrate: acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Small squares with an X
on the back of the crystals.
4) Calcium oxalate monohydrate: acidic, neutral, or alkaline urine.
Dumbbell shaped or elongated with pointed ends.
5) Calcium carbonate: neutral or alkaline urine. Round with lines radiating from the
center or dumbbell shaped.
6)Triple phosphate: mostly alkaline, slightly acidic, neutral
Your assessment of Noodle identifies Monitoring vital signs, performing urinalysis, giving fluids, or recording urinary
altered urinary output. Provide three output per order of DVM, monitoring for pain or discomfort, ensure preoperative
interventions you should initiate. compliance, give urinary specific diets as ordered.
Technician driven, not vet driven
interventions while Noodle is still in the
hospital.
What is normal urinary output for a dog For a dog, it is 20-40 mL/kg per day
each day?
Give all client information relating to any prescribed medications, and shown how
What client education should you to administer the medications. Send home urinary specific diets and make sure
give before Noodle is released to the nothing else bit this diet is fed. Additionally, tell the owner to monitor the incision
owner? for any igns for infection and to take the dog out to urinate frequently.
What factors can influence the difficulty Nutrition, age, pelvic diameter, gestation length. Then consider the size and
or ease of parturition? presentation of the fetus.
Stage 1: Uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix characterize first stage.
Lasts 1-24 hours. Ends with the passing of a part of the fetus into the vaginal canal.
Stage 2: Second stage is passing of the fetus into the vaginal canal. Ends when
What are the different stages of calving?
passing of the fetus from the vaginal canal. Should last 1-4 hours with most mature
How long should each stage last?
cows delivering within 3 hours.
Stage 3: Final and third stage is passing of the fetal membranes which
typically occurs within 12 hours.
Vet must place arm into the cow's vagina and somewhat within the uterus. It is
Why would thoroughly cleaning the cow
important to minimize bacterial or other contamination of this area.
be important in this situation?
Contamination can cause pyometra or other infection after parturition.
What does it mean for a calf to be Breech presentation means that the calf is entering the vaginal calf backwards
presenting breech? What is normal calf with rear end first. Normal calf presentation is forelegs first in the diving position.
presentation?
1) Not usual for calves to get membranes in or covering the respiratory
tract. Some calves may also inhale meconium.
2/
6
