UPDATED 2025 NURS 611 PATHO MVU EXAM WITH Q&A GRADED A+

UPDATED 2025 NURS 611 PATHO MVU EXAM WITH Q&A GRADED A+ acute inflammation of the pericardium Acute Pericarditis idiopathic or caused by viral infection what is the etiology of pericarditis drop in Arterial bp by more than 10 mmHg in inspiration pulsus paradoxus arterial BP during expiration exceeds arterial pressure during inspiration by more than 10 mmHg What is pulsus paradoxus dyspnea, tachycardia, jugular venous distention, cardiomegaly, and pulsus paradoxus symptoms of cardiac tamponade what test do you do to check the functioning of a valve Echocardiogram enlarged, superficial veins; a twisted, dilated vein w/ incompetent valves varicose veins (1) trauma to the saphenous veins that damages one or more valves, or (2) gradual venous distention caused by the action of gravity on blood in the legs Causes of varicose veins condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves; primarily affects feet and ankles; discoloration of the skin. Makes it difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs chronic venous insufficiency/ venous insufficiency Pituitary adenoma usually benign and slow growing. arise from the anterior pituitary. Hyperpituitarism endocrine disorder. occurs when the pituitary gland produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty Acromegaly Slowly progressive disease. Connective tissue proliferation. Hypersecretion of growth hormone hypothyroidism -automimune thyroiditis (Hashimoto) -Iatrogenic loss of thyroid tissue after surgical or radioactive treatment Hypothyroidism 1. poor concentration, memory, dementia, psychosis, coma 2. seizures 3. headaches (pseudotumor cerebri) 4. CN: papilledema, ptosis, tonic pupil, trigeminal neuralgia, facial palsy, tinnitus, hearing loss 5. cerebellar ataxia: truncal + gait ataxia limb ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus 5. NMJ: myasthenia gravis 6. nerves: carpal tunnel, polyneuropathy, delayed DTR neurological manifestations of hypothyroidism a common form of hyperthyroidism resulting from overproduction of thyroxine; caused by a false immune system response (goiter is often formed). Antibodies to TSH receptor that stimulate T3 and T4 production. Diffuse nontender goiter. Proptosis and extraocular muscle dysfunction occurs in 50% of cases. Graves (or Graves') disease Type II hypersensitivity where there is stimulation of the thyroid by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor The gland results in hyperplasia of the gland (goiter). Increased synthesis of TH Grave's Disease In the case of decreased production or excessive loss of albumin , the reduced oncotic pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissues and decreased blood volume. the effect of low plasma albumin Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein. What is the most abundant class of plasma protein Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of approximately 120 days. erythrocytes Basophils contain cytoplasmic granules that hold an abundant mixture of biochemical mediators, including histamine, chemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes, and an anticoagulant (heparin) Granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, are called Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments that are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding. formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets. the life span of platelets The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and the site of fetal hematopoiesis. Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure? Splenic absence from any cause has several secondary effects on the body, among them an increase in morphologically defective blood cells in the circulation, confirming the spleen's role in removing old or damaged cells. consequence of a splenectomy The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.g., during infection) may result in lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation. Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process? The erythrocyte's size and shape are ideally suited to its function as a gas carrier. A red blood cell (RBC) is a small disk with two unique properties: (1) a biconcave shape and (2) the capacity to be reversibly deformed Which blood cells are biconcave in shape and have the capacity to be reversibly deformed? Without reactivation by methemoglobin reductase, the Fe3+-containing hemoglobin (methemoglobin) cannot bind oxygen. This capability is not true of the other types of hemoglobin mentioned. Which hemog