NR602 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025

NR602 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025 Terms in this set (335) α Thalassemias are composed of several variant Hgbs that are responsible for the various presentations. Current nomenclature often refers to the subtypes by including an indication of the number of gene deletions of α globin; the severity of symptoms increases with more deletions. Three gene deletions result in severe, even fatal, manifestations of disease. Two gene deletions present with hypochromia; the absence of gene deletions causes mild anemia and often erythrocytosis. A single globin gene deletion is clinically insignificant Tinea corporis (ringworm) Physical Examination • Classical appearance of lesions: Annular, oval, or circinate with one or more flat, scaling, mildly erythematous circular patches or plaques with red, scaly borders • Lesions spread peripherally and clear centrally or may be inflammatory throughout with superficial pustules • Often prominent over hair follicles • Multiple secondary lesions may merge into a large area several centimeters in diameter Myopia (nearsightedness) or nearsightedness, exists when the axial length of the eye is increased in relation to the eye's optical power. As a result, light from a distant object is focused in front of the retina rather than directly on it. A child sees close objects clearly but distant objects are blurry. Hyperopia (farsightedness) or farsightedness, exists when the visual image is focused behind the retina. As a result, distant objects are seen clearly but close objects are blurry. astigmatism exists when the curvature of the cornea or the lens is uneven; thus the retina cannot appropriately focus light from an object regardless of the distance, which makes vision blurry close up and far away. Anisometropia is a different refractive error in each eye. It may consist of any combination of refractive errors discussed earlier, or it may occur with aphakia. amblyopia It is usually a unilateral deficit in which there is defective development of the visual pathways needed to attain central vision. Clear focused images fail to reach the brain, resulting in reduced or permanent loss of vision. The condition is labeled (or typed) according to the structural or refractive problem that is causing the poor visual image to reach the brain: deprivational, or obstruction of vision (e.g., caused by ptosis, cataract, nystagmus), strabismic (caused by strabismus or lazy eye), or refractive (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, anisometropia). strabismus is a defect in ocular alignment, or the position of the eyes in relation to each other; it is commonly called lazy eye. In this condition the visual axes are not parallel because the muscles of the eyes are not coordinated; when one eye is directed straight ahead, the other deviates. As a result, one or both eyes appear crossed. In children, strabismus may appear as a phoria or tropia Phoria is an intermittent deviation in ocular alignment that is held latent by sensory fusion. The child can maintain alignment on an object. Deviation occurs when binocular fusion is disrupted, most often during the cover/uncover test. Tropias is a consistent or intermittent deviation in ocular alignment. A child with this condition is unable to maintain alignment on an object of fixation. Intermittent may occur when a child is tired. blepharoptosis, ptosis drooping of the upper eyelids affecting one or both eyes. It can be congenital or acquired, secondary to trauma or inflammation. nystagmus is the presence of involuntary, rhythmic movements that may be pendular oscillations or jerky drifts of one or both eyes. Movement is horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed, and is classified as congenital or acquired. cataract a partial or complete opacity of the lens affecting one or both eyes, is the most common cause of an abnormal pupillary reflex. Glaucoma is a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid that results in an increase in IOP and subsequent damage to the optic nerve. It can be classified according to age at the time of its appearance and type of structural abnormality or other associated conditions. Primary congenital is present at birth; infantile develops in the first 1 to 2 years of life; juvenile occurs after age 3. Most glaucoma has no identifiable cause and is considered primary. Signs and symptoms of glaucoma Clinicians should look for • The classic triad—tearing, photophobia, and excessive blinking/blepharospasm • Whether their infant tends to turn away from light • Hazy corneas, corneal edema management of glaucoma Primary treatment is surgery as early as possible (often multiple surgeries are required). Medications may be used as part of the medical management. Systemic (azetazolamide or methazolamide) or topical (dorzolamide or brinzolamide drops) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors will reduce IOP. Beta blocker (timolol) or combined beta blocker/carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops may be used Retinoblastoma is an intraocular tumor that develops in the retina. Although it is rare, this malignant retinal tumor is the most common tumor in childhood (some 4% of cancers in children younger than 15 years of age) Retinoblastoma Clinical Findings • Strabismus is the most common finding. • There is decreased visual acuity. • Uni- or bilateral white pupil (leukocoria), described often as an intermittent "glow, glint, gleam, or glare" by parents, is usually seen in low-light settings or noted in photographs taken with a flash (e.g., cat's eye reflex). • Other symptoms include an abnormal red reflex, nystagmus, glaucoma, orbital cellulitis and photophobia (causes pain), hyphema, hypopyon (pus in anterior chamber of eye); signs of global rupture are also possible. Management for retinoblastoma Depending on the diagnosis, treatment may involve cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, episcleral plaque brachytherapy, systemic chemotherapy, or enucleation (Kaufman, Kim, and Berry, 2017). Early detection and advances in treatment have led to less enucleation and the preservation of sight. Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydia) is usually caused by one of eight known strains of C. trachomatis and is most often seen in a neonate or sexually active adolescent. Neonates usually demonstrate symptoms within the first 5 to 14 days of life (to 6 weeks),