Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2025
With 100% Correct Answers
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired.
Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in
which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the
blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - correct answers ✔✔A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which
of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - correct answers ✔✔D
,The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which
of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - correct answers ✔✔B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - correct answers ✔✔C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - correct answers ✔✔A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty
acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
,c. starvation
d. hypoxia - correct answers ✔✔C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism
results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - correct answers ✔✔B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase
in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to
____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - correct answers ✔✔B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
, c. free radicals
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - correct answers ✔✔D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - correct answers ✔✔D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - correct answers ✔✔C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - correct answers ✔✔D
With 100% Correct Answers
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired.
Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarction in
which a large part of his left ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the
blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - correct answers ✔✔A
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination from Mr. Forbes, which
of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - correct answers ✔✔D
,The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy production results from which
of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - correct answers ✔✔B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
production. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - correct answers ✔✔C
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral artery. The brain tissue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - correct answers ✔✔A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumulation. Which of the following problems results in increased mobilization of free fatty
acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
,c. starvation
d. hypoxia - correct answers ✔✔C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism
results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - correct answers ✔✔B
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive destruction of RBCs. This increase
in RBC destruction can lead to which of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones. This will lead to
____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - correct answers ✔✔B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
, c. free radicals
d. all of the above - correct answers ✔✔D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
a. It occurrence may be physiological or pathological.
b. It does not stimulate the inflammatory process.
c. It results in phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
d. all of the above. - correct answers ✔✔D
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - correct answers ✔✔D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - correct answers ✔✔C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - correct answers ✔✔D
