Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2025
With 100% Correct Answers
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable - correct answers ✔✔age
genetic disposition
family history
ethnic background
gender
CAD risk factors - correct answers ✔✔Age >55
male
fam hx
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease
smoking
lipid abnorm
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized - correct answers ✔✔becomes oxidized when
exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell
,then exposed to macrophages
becomes foam cell
makes up atherosclerotic plaque
what does HDL do - correct answers ✔✔reverse cholesterol transport
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and is
processed or eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
protects LDL from oxidation
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD - correct answers
✔✔lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high glucose levels which causes a
greater integration into macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the arterial
wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
android obesity - correct answers ✔✔excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood
pressure, and inflammation
9 P21 - correct answers ✔✔genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent - correct
answers ✔✔inverse relationship
if you have a parent who had an MI at 40 you have a higher risk than someone who's parent
had one at 70
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men
t/f - correct answers ✔✔false
,lipoprotein (a) and CAD - correct answers ✔✔nontraditional risk factor
associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis
genetically derived particle
at risk for premature CAD as well as stroke
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP) - correct answers ✔✔acute phase
reactant or protein
made in liver
indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression
inflammatory marker
the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque ruptures
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke - correct answers
✔✔true
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for CAD -
correct answers ✔✔false
high numbers of small dense LDL
total cholesterol levels - correct answers ✔✔desirable - <200
Borderline - 200-239
high - >240
LDL levels - correct answers ✔✔Optimal: <100
Near optimal: 100-129
Borderline high: 130-159
High: 160-189
, Very high: >190
Triglycerides levels - correct answers ✔✔desirable - <150
borderline - 150 - 199
high - 200-499
very high - >500
HDL levels - correct answers ✔✔low - <40
high - >60
response to injury hypothesis - correct answers ✔✔Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque
build up begins with the endothelial damage
changes in permeability
monocytes attach
move in
release oxygen free radicals
LDL becomes oxidized
monocyte becomes macrophage
cell dies
dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque
cover by smooth muscle cell
fatty streak - correct answers ✔✔first lesion of atherosclerosis
-thickening of intima
-inc. in smooth muscle cells
-smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into intima
With 100% Correct Answers
CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable - correct answers ✔✔age
genetic disposition
family history
ethnic background
gender
CAD risk factors - correct answers ✔✔Age >55
male
fam hx
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease
smoking
lipid abnorm
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides
what happens when LDL becomes oxidized - correct answers ✔✔becomes oxidized when
exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell
,then exposed to macrophages
becomes foam cell
makes up atherosclerotic plaque
what does HDL do - correct answers ✔✔reverse cholesterol transport
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds to hepatic receptors and is
processed or eliminated as bile or converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
protects LDL from oxidation
explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk factor for CAD - correct answers
✔✔lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a result of high glucose levels which causes a
greater integration into macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the arterial
wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation
android obesity - correct answers ✔✔excess body fat that is placed predominantly within the
abdomen and upper body, as opposed to the hips and thighs
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL levels, increased blood
pressure, and inflammation
9 P21 - correct answers ✔✔genetic variant associated with a strong risk for CAD
what is the risk of having an MI in relation to the age that it occurred in a parent - correct
answers ✔✔inverse relationship
if you have a parent who had an MI at 40 you have a higher risk than someone who's parent
had one at 70
Women typically present with CAD symptoms 10 years earlier than men
t/f - correct answers ✔✔false
,lipoprotein (a) and CAD - correct answers ✔✔nontraditional risk factor
associated with atherosclerosis and thrombosis
genetically derived particle
at risk for premature CAD as well as stroke
elevated high sensitivity c reactive protein and CAD (hs-CRP) - correct answers ✔✔acute phase
reactant or protein
made in liver
indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation/progression
inflammatory marker
the more inflammation the more likely to have plaque ruptures
t/f lipoproteins increase risk for a cardiac event, thrombus, and stroke - correct answers
✔✔true
t/f high numbers of large and puffy LDL particles are associated with increased risk for CAD -
correct answers ✔✔false
high numbers of small dense LDL
total cholesterol levels - correct answers ✔✔desirable - <200
Borderline - 200-239
high - >240
LDL levels - correct answers ✔✔Optimal: <100
Near optimal: 100-129
Borderline high: 130-159
High: 160-189
, Very high: >190
Triglycerides levels - correct answers ✔✔desirable - <150
borderline - 150 - 199
high - 200-499
very high - >500
HDL levels - correct answers ✔✔low - <40
high - >60
response to injury hypothesis - correct answers ✔✔Atherosclerosis hypothesis where plaque
build up begins with the endothelial damage
changes in permeability
monocytes attach
move in
release oxygen free radicals
LDL becomes oxidized
monocyte becomes macrophage
cell dies
dead cells and oxidized LDLs form the plaque
cover by smooth muscle cell
fatty streak - correct answers ✔✔first lesion of atherosclerosis
-thickening of intima
-inc. in smooth muscle cells
-smooth muscle cells migrate and proliferate into intima
