Hidden proints
Chapter 1
Wilhelm Wundt. – 1st 1979 Laboratory – structuralism – objective introspection
Edward Titchener - Wundt’s students
Margaret F. Washburn – 1st PHD in psychology
William James – Functionalism - Principles of Psychology (book) Mary
Whiton Calkins (student of william james )(1st president of APA )
Francis Cecil Sumner – Father of African psychology association)
Anna Freud - began what became known as the ego movement in psychology
Reflex - (an involuntary reaction)
Reflexive response - conditioned Responsed
Watson - was to ignore the whole consciousness issue and focus only on observable behavior
Freud believed that all behavior stems from unconscious motivation
Watson believed that all behavior is learned – (Little Albert – Child for experiments )
Watson wanted to prove that all behavior was a result of a stimulus–response
Mary Cover Jones - A graduate student of Watson’s - Little Peter, (Child for experiments)
Abraham Maslow - Funder of Humanists & held the view that people have free will
Freedom to choose their own destiny, & strive for self-actualization, achievement of one’s full potential.
Cognitive psychology, which focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information
Cognitive perspective with its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving,
language, and learning has become a major force in psychology
Cognitive perspective - new field of cognitive neuroscience - workings with brain and nervous system
Cognitive neuroscientists use tools for imaging – CT, FMRI, MRI, PET
Social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships
Lev Vygotsky (1978) - sociocultural theory of children’s cognitive development
Biopsychology, or the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes
Biopsychology is part of the larger field of neuroscience: study of the physical structure, function, and development
of the nervous system
,Evolutionary perspective - evolutionary perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental
characteristics that all humans share
A psychologist has no medical training but has a doctorate degree.
Psychiatrist has a medical degree and is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the
prescription of medications) of psychological disorder
A psychiatric social worker is trained in the area of social work and usually possesses a master’s degree in that
discipline.
Applied research - which is research aimed at answering real-world, practical problems
Method - description, explanation, prediction, and control
Hypothesis - tentative explanation is known as a hypothesis
Forming a hypothesis - based on observations is related to the goals of description and explanation
Confirmation bias - People have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world, a kind of
selective perception called confirmation bias
Replicate your research - (meaning, do exactly the same study over again and get the same results)
Observer effect - animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally a
process called the observer effect
Disadvantages of naturalistic observation is the possibility of observer bias
Descriptive technique is called the case study
Phineas Gage, who, in an accident, had a large metal rod driven through his head and suffered a major personality
change
Sample has to be representative of the population
major disadvantage of the survey technique: People aren’t always going to give researchers accurate answers
courtesy bias - Some people deliberately give the answer they think is more socially correct rather
than their true opinion, so that no one gets offended
Correlation is actually a statistical technique
A correlation is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables
correlation coefficient - two sets of numbers for each person in the study that go into a mathematical formula to
produce a number called the correlation coefficient
correlation coefficient (represented by the small letter r) it cannot be greater than +1.00 or less than -1.00
The name for the variable that is manipulated in any experiment is the independent variable
Manipulated Variables - the independent variable measured variable is known as the dependent variable.
,confounding variables - (variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of
interest) – control variables
placebo effect - The expectations of any person in an experimental study can affect the outcome of the study, a
phenomenon known as the placebo effect.
experimenter effect - outcome of the experiment can influence the results, even when the participants are animals
rather than people, is called the experimenter effect
Informed consent - If researchers are using infants or children, their parents have to be informed and give their
consent, a legal term known as informed consent
Debriefing - The participants have to be told after the study exactly why the deception was important. This is called
debriefing
law of parsimony - If there are two explanations for some phenomenon and both account for the
phenomenon equally well, the simplest explanation is more often the best one—a rule of thumb known as the law of
parsimony.
Chapter 2 - Biopsychology
neuroscience is a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the
neurons
cells have three things in common: a nucleus, a cell body, and a cell membrane
Neurons are one of the messengers of the body
The parts of the neuron that receive messages from other cells are called the dendrites
dendrite means ―tree-like,‖ or ―branch - are attached to the cell body, or soma, which is the part of the cell
. The word soma means ―body.‖ The axon (from the Greek for ―axis‖)
axon terminals (may also be called presynaptic terminals, terminal buttons, or synaptic knobs)
Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memory,
perception.
The other primary cells are called glial cells
glial are involved in getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died,
. Glial cells are also roll in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
multiple sclerosis (MS) - the myelin sheath is destroyed (possibly by the individual’s own immune system)
neuron is negatively charged inside and positively charged outside
presynaptic terminal is not empty. It has a number of little sac-like structures in it called synaptic vesicles
, Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals suspended in fluid, which are molecules of substances called
neurotransmitters
The first neurotransmitter to be identified was named acetylcholine (ACh)
It is found at the synapses between neurons and muscle cells.
agonist (a chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter)
ACh. ACh also plays a key role in memory, arousal, and attention
ACh is found in the hippocampus
-
Dopamine (DA) - is a neurotransmitter found in the brain - Parkinson’s disease – schizophrenia
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter originating in the lower part of the brain - It is associated with sleep, mood,
anxiety, and appetite.
neurotransmitter is gaba-aminobutyric acid or GABA
GABA is the most common neurotransmitter producing inhibition in the brain - with an excitatory effect
GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Neuropeptides - A group of substances known as neuropeptides
set of neuropeptides called endorphins— pain-controlling chemicals in the body.
endorphins— pain-controlling chemicals in the body.
The endorphins bind to receptors that open the ion channels on the axon.
This causes the cell to be unable to fire its pain signal and the pain sensations eventually lessen.
The name endorphin comes from the term endogenous morphine. (Endogenous means ―native to the area‖—in this
case, native to the body.)
enzymatic degradation - There are enzymes that break down other neurotransmitters as well
Some of the drugs used to treat depression are called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).
An electrical current strong enough to kill off the target neurons is sent through the tip of the wire. This procedure is
called lesioning
electrical stimulation of the brain, or ESB. It has become an important technique in psychology
humans under very special circumstances such as testing before surgery to address seizure disorders
specific type of ESB called deep brain stimulation (DBS)
electrode wires to a pacemaker-like device called an impulse generator
Deep brain stimulation has been widely used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, eizure disorder, chronic pain
Chapter 1
Wilhelm Wundt. – 1st 1979 Laboratory – structuralism – objective introspection
Edward Titchener - Wundt’s students
Margaret F. Washburn – 1st PHD in psychology
William James – Functionalism - Principles of Psychology (book) Mary
Whiton Calkins (student of william james )(1st president of APA )
Francis Cecil Sumner – Father of African psychology association)
Anna Freud - began what became known as the ego movement in psychology
Reflex - (an involuntary reaction)
Reflexive response - conditioned Responsed
Watson - was to ignore the whole consciousness issue and focus only on observable behavior
Freud believed that all behavior stems from unconscious motivation
Watson believed that all behavior is learned – (Little Albert – Child for experiments )
Watson wanted to prove that all behavior was a result of a stimulus–response
Mary Cover Jones - A graduate student of Watson’s - Little Peter, (Child for experiments)
Abraham Maslow - Funder of Humanists & held the view that people have free will
Freedom to choose their own destiny, & strive for self-actualization, achievement of one’s full potential.
Cognitive psychology, which focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information
Cognitive perspective with its focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving,
language, and learning has become a major force in psychology
Cognitive perspective - new field of cognitive neuroscience - workings with brain and nervous system
Cognitive neuroscientists use tools for imaging – CT, FMRI, MRI, PET
Social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships
Lev Vygotsky (1978) - sociocultural theory of children’s cognitive development
Biopsychology, or the study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes
Biopsychology is part of the larger field of neuroscience: study of the physical structure, function, and development
of the nervous system
,Evolutionary perspective - evolutionary perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental
characteristics that all humans share
A psychologist has no medical training but has a doctorate degree.
Psychiatrist has a medical degree and is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment (including the
prescription of medications) of psychological disorder
A psychiatric social worker is trained in the area of social work and usually possesses a master’s degree in that
discipline.
Applied research - which is research aimed at answering real-world, practical problems
Method - description, explanation, prediction, and control
Hypothesis - tentative explanation is known as a hypothesis
Forming a hypothesis - based on observations is related to the goals of description and explanation
Confirmation bias - People have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world, a kind of
selective perception called confirmation bias
Replicate your research - (meaning, do exactly the same study over again and get the same results)
Observer effect - animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally a
process called the observer effect
Disadvantages of naturalistic observation is the possibility of observer bias
Descriptive technique is called the case study
Phineas Gage, who, in an accident, had a large metal rod driven through his head and suffered a major personality
change
Sample has to be representative of the population
major disadvantage of the survey technique: People aren’t always going to give researchers accurate answers
courtesy bias - Some people deliberately give the answer they think is more socially correct rather
than their true opinion, so that no one gets offended
Correlation is actually a statistical technique
A correlation is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables
correlation coefficient - two sets of numbers for each person in the study that go into a mathematical formula to
produce a number called the correlation coefficient
correlation coefficient (represented by the small letter r) it cannot be greater than +1.00 or less than -1.00
The name for the variable that is manipulated in any experiment is the independent variable
Manipulated Variables - the independent variable measured variable is known as the dependent variable.
,confounding variables - (variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of
interest) – control variables
placebo effect - The expectations of any person in an experimental study can affect the outcome of the study, a
phenomenon known as the placebo effect.
experimenter effect - outcome of the experiment can influence the results, even when the participants are animals
rather than people, is called the experimenter effect
Informed consent - If researchers are using infants or children, their parents have to be informed and give their
consent, a legal term known as informed consent
Debriefing - The participants have to be told after the study exactly why the deception was important. This is called
debriefing
law of parsimony - If there are two explanations for some phenomenon and both account for the
phenomenon equally well, the simplest explanation is more often the best one—a rule of thumb known as the law of
parsimony.
Chapter 2 - Biopsychology
neuroscience is a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the
neurons
cells have three things in common: a nucleus, a cell body, and a cell membrane
Neurons are one of the messengers of the body
The parts of the neuron that receive messages from other cells are called the dendrites
dendrite means ―tree-like,‖ or ―branch - are attached to the cell body, or soma, which is the part of the cell
. The word soma means ―body.‖ The axon (from the Greek for ―axis‖)
axon terminals (may also be called presynaptic terminals, terminal buttons, or synaptic knobs)
Neurons make up a large part of the brain but they are not the only cells that affect our thinking, learning, memory,
perception.
The other primary cells are called glial cells
glial are involved in getting nutrients to the neurons, cleaning up the remains of neurons that have died,
. Glial cells are also roll in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
multiple sclerosis (MS) - the myelin sheath is destroyed (possibly by the individual’s own immune system)
neuron is negatively charged inside and positively charged outside
presynaptic terminal is not empty. It has a number of little sac-like structures in it called synaptic vesicles
, Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals suspended in fluid, which are molecules of substances called
neurotransmitters
The first neurotransmitter to be identified was named acetylcholine (ACh)
It is found at the synapses between neurons and muscle cells.
agonist (a chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter)
ACh. ACh also plays a key role in memory, arousal, and attention
ACh is found in the hippocampus
-
Dopamine (DA) - is a neurotransmitter found in the brain - Parkinson’s disease – schizophrenia
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter originating in the lower part of the brain - It is associated with sleep, mood,
anxiety, and appetite.
neurotransmitter is gaba-aminobutyric acid or GABA
GABA is the most common neurotransmitter producing inhibition in the brain - with an excitatory effect
GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Neuropeptides - A group of substances known as neuropeptides
set of neuropeptides called endorphins— pain-controlling chemicals in the body.
endorphins— pain-controlling chemicals in the body.
The endorphins bind to receptors that open the ion channels on the axon.
This causes the cell to be unable to fire its pain signal and the pain sensations eventually lessen.
The name endorphin comes from the term endogenous morphine. (Endogenous means ―native to the area‖—in this
case, native to the body.)
enzymatic degradation - There are enzymes that break down other neurotransmitters as well
Some of the drugs used to treat depression are called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors).
An electrical current strong enough to kill off the target neurons is sent through the tip of the wire. This procedure is
called lesioning
electrical stimulation of the brain, or ESB. It has become an important technique in psychology
humans under very special circumstances such as testing before surgery to address seizure disorders
specific type of ESB called deep brain stimulation (DBS)
electrode wires to a pacemaker-like device called an impulse generator
Deep brain stimulation has been widely used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, eizure disorder, chronic pain
