NR 229 Exam 1 Question and answers
correctly solved 2025 updated
First Pass Effect - correct answer ✔*refers to the rapid hepatic inactivation of
certain oral drugs.
*when drugs are absorbed from the GI tract, they are carried directly to the
liver via the hepatic portal vein
*if the capacity of the liver to metabolize a drug is extremely high , that drug
can be completely inactivated on it's first pass through the liver
*as a result - no therapeutic effects can occur.
Drug Metabolism/Excretion - correct answer ✔*the drug-metabolizing
capacity of infants is limited- the liver does not develop its full capacity to
metabolize drugs until about 1 year after birth
*the ability of older adults to metabolize drugs is commonly decreased - drug
dosages may need to be decreased to prevent drug toxicity
*the kidneys of newborns are not fully developed until a few months after birth
- until then their capacity to excrete drugs is limited
*in old age renal function often declines - older adults have small kidneys and
fewer nephrons - the loss of nephrons results in decreased blood filtration =
reduced renal excretion of drugs
Tachyphylaxis - correct answer ✔a reduction in drug responsiveness brought
on by repeated dosing over a short time
Tolerance - correct answer ✔a decreased responsiveness to a drug as a
result of repeated drug administration
*patients who are tolerant require higher doses to produce effects equivalent
to those that could be achieved with lower doses before tolerance developed
, **3 categories of drug tolerance**
1. pharmacodynamic tolerance (long term ie. morphine)
2. metabolic tolerance (resulting from accelerated drug metabolism)
3. tachyphylaxis (repeat dosing over a short time)
Dependence - correct answer ✔*physical dependence is a state in which the
body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence
syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued.
*develops during long-term use of certain drugs such as opioids, alcohol,
barbituates, and amphetamines.
Loading Dose - correct answer ✔is an initial higher dose of a drug that may
be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a
lower maintenance dose.
*used when plateau needs to be achieved quickly
Bolus - correct answer ✔an amount of IV medication administered rapidly to
decrease the response time or to be used as a loading dose prior to an
infusion.
Therapeutic Window - correct answer ✔*the range of dosage of a drug or of
its concentration in a bodily system that provides safe effective therapy (the
narrow therapeutic window...the effect may go from therapeutic to toxic with
an increase of just 10 micrograms per milliliter [in] blood concentration)
*a usually short time interval (as after a precipitating event) during which a
particular therapy can be given safely and effectively (has a narrow
therapeutic window: the drug must be given within three hours of a stroke in
order to be effective)
Anaphylaxis (symptoms & treatment) - correct answer ✔*manifestation of a
severe allergy
correctly solved 2025 updated
First Pass Effect - correct answer ✔*refers to the rapid hepatic inactivation of
certain oral drugs.
*when drugs are absorbed from the GI tract, they are carried directly to the
liver via the hepatic portal vein
*if the capacity of the liver to metabolize a drug is extremely high , that drug
can be completely inactivated on it's first pass through the liver
*as a result - no therapeutic effects can occur.
Drug Metabolism/Excretion - correct answer ✔*the drug-metabolizing
capacity of infants is limited- the liver does not develop its full capacity to
metabolize drugs until about 1 year after birth
*the ability of older adults to metabolize drugs is commonly decreased - drug
dosages may need to be decreased to prevent drug toxicity
*the kidneys of newborns are not fully developed until a few months after birth
- until then their capacity to excrete drugs is limited
*in old age renal function often declines - older adults have small kidneys and
fewer nephrons - the loss of nephrons results in decreased blood filtration =
reduced renal excretion of drugs
Tachyphylaxis - correct answer ✔a reduction in drug responsiveness brought
on by repeated dosing over a short time
Tolerance - correct answer ✔a decreased responsiveness to a drug as a
result of repeated drug administration
*patients who are tolerant require higher doses to produce effects equivalent
to those that could be achieved with lower doses before tolerance developed
, **3 categories of drug tolerance**
1. pharmacodynamic tolerance (long term ie. morphine)
2. metabolic tolerance (resulting from accelerated drug metabolism)
3. tachyphylaxis (repeat dosing over a short time)
Dependence - correct answer ✔*physical dependence is a state in which the
body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstinence
syndrome will result if drug use is discontinued.
*develops during long-term use of certain drugs such as opioids, alcohol,
barbituates, and amphetamines.
Loading Dose - correct answer ✔is an initial higher dose of a drug that may
be given at the beginning of a course of treatment before dropping down to a
lower maintenance dose.
*used when plateau needs to be achieved quickly
Bolus - correct answer ✔an amount of IV medication administered rapidly to
decrease the response time or to be used as a loading dose prior to an
infusion.
Therapeutic Window - correct answer ✔*the range of dosage of a drug or of
its concentration in a bodily system that provides safe effective therapy (the
narrow therapeutic window...the effect may go from therapeutic to toxic with
an increase of just 10 micrograms per milliliter [in] blood concentration)
*a usually short time interval (as after a precipitating event) during which a
particular therapy can be given safely and effectively (has a narrow
therapeutic window: the drug must be given within three hours of a stroke in
order to be effective)
Anaphylaxis (symptoms & treatment) - correct answer ✔*manifestation of a
severe allergy
