Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
FUNDAMENTAL
Computer is a high speed electronic device that accepts data and instructions from the
user andprocesses the data according to the instructions given and produces
information as the output.
OR
A Computer is a very versatile electronic machine created by man. Computer has
made a great impact on our everyday life. Theirpresence is felt in almost every
aspects of life like home, school, colleges, office, industry’s, hospitals, bank, retail
stores, railway, research and design organization etc.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Data: - Data is a collection of unorganized facts, including words, numbers, images
and sound. Computers manipula.te and process data to display information.
Information: -information is the output of possessed data or it is the data whichis
organized and has meaning and useful examples of information like reports,
newsletters, pictures, invoices or cheques.
Meaning of Computer
C Commonly
O Operating
M Machine
P Properly
U Unit (Used for)
T Technical
E Educational
R Research
Anatomy of Computer
The five major functional units of a digital computer are.
a. Central Processing Unit (CPU) b. Input Units
c. Output Units d. Storage Device
e. Communication Interface
1
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Advantage of Computer
1. Speed: - A computer is so fast that it can perform the given task in a few seconds
as compared to man who will have to spend manyminutesfor doing the same
volume of task.
2. Accuracy: - While doing calculations a computer is more accurate thana man,
man can make mistakes in calculations but a computer does not, if it is provided
with accurate instructions.
3. High Memory: -A computer has much more memory or storage capacity than
human beings. It can store millions of data recalled even after a number of years.
This is not possible in case of human brain. cannot take decisions on its own.
4. Diligence: -A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration & fatigue,
therefore it can work continue 10-12 hours which is so difficult for man.
5. Versatility: -It means multitasking or the capacity of doing different types of jobs
like you may use your computer to prepare payroll slips, making inventory &
electricity bills.
Components of a Computer System
A Computer system consists of following units:
1. Computer Hardware
2. Computer Software
3. Computer User
Computer System
Hardwar Softwar User
e e
Hardware: -The combination of electronic, mechanical and physical components that
makes a computer is called hardware. We can touch, see and operate the system.The
computer system contains four types of hardware component.
a. Input Device c. Computer Processor
b. Output Device d. Secondary Storage Device
Software:- A set of program is called software or those components of computer
which we can see only. for eg- Ms Excel, Ms- Word.
User:- The personcommunicates with a computer or uses the information it generates
is called a user.
Generation of Computer
First Generation - (1945-1955)
2
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Second Generation - (1955-1964)
Third Generation - (1964-1974)
Fourth Generation - (1975-1989)
Fifth Generation - (1989-Present)
Criteria First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Basic Vacuum Transistor Integrated Micro Artificial
Electronic Tubes Circuits Processor IntelligenceComponent
Speed Slowest Slow Medium Faster Fastest
Size Largest Large Medium Smallest
Medium
Reliability Unreliable Less More High Yet to
Reliability Reliability Reliability Processor
Computers are following two types
General Purpose Computerthat follow instruction for general requirement such as
sale analyze, financial accounting, management information etc. are called general
purpose computer.
Comparison between Different Types
Si. Criteri Super Mainframe Mini Micro
No a Computer Computer Computer Compute
. r
01 CPU Very Fast Nano Fast Moderate Slow
Speed
02 Speed Pico Second Nano Second Micro Second Mini
Second
03 CPU Very Large Multiprocesso Multiprocesso Single
Base Multiprocesso r r processor
r
04 Storage Very Large Large Moderate Small
05 COST Very High High Medium Low
06 Number Many Many Are Many
of uses
3
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Classification of Computer
It is used
Purpose Application
toCalculate the Speed & size
Physical
Quantities
Eg: Electronic
Special Purpose Analog Super Computer
It is used in
Commercial &
Educational
General Purpose Digital Main frame
It is used in
Hospitality Hybrid Mini Computer
Work
It is also known
Micro Computer
as Personal
computer (P.C.)
Input Output System
Input is something put into a system or expended in its operation to achieve output or
a result. The information entered into a computer system.
Input Device
Those components of computer with the help of which we can enter any data
(Information) into the machine (System) are known as input device.
Output Device
Those components of computer with the help of which we can get (show) the result is
known as output device.
4
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Input Device Process Output Device
Keyboard Monitor
Mouse Printer
Mic Speaker
Scanner Headphone
Light Pen
Bar Code Reader (BCR)
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
Magnetic Ink Character Reorganizer (MICR)
Monitor
A monitor is an electronic visual device used to display the output. Type of monitor
VDU (Visual Display Unit) Monitor
This is an output device. There are two types of the soft output device, Audio output
device for eg Visual output devices. VDU is a visual soft output device and used for
the getting soft visual output on screen. VDU can be categorized into two types on the
basic of technology the first one is CRT and second is LCD.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
This is television-like screen where the result of a computer’s tasks are displayed. In
this technology cathode ray falls on florescence screen and by deflecting rays make
picture.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)This VDU is thin, flat and having light
modulating technology. It is of two types.
A) TFT (Thin film Transistor) It is a variant of LCD and makes matrix but
not self-lighting.
B) LED (Light Emitting Diode)It is self-back light emitting technology,
picture quality is better.
Projector it is output device and often used in meetings
presentations. it contains a lens inside which is used to flash the film
to an object.
Plotterit is used to produce graphical out on papers. It used single
color or multi-color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc. it print
the maps and architecture of infrastructure. It is used in the
engineering applications.
Printer: -A printer is a device that can record information
permanently on paper in the form of printed copies.
5
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Type of Printer
Impact Non-Impact
It relies on a forcible impact on transfer It printers are much quieter than impact
ink to print media similar to the action of printer as their printing heads do not strike
typewriter. There is a mechanical contact the paper. They can be used for printing
between the paper and the print head, text and graphics both in black and white
and color.
Example
Dot matrix, Daisy wheel, Drum , Line Laser, Inkjet, Electrostatic, Thermal,
Electromagnetic.
Software
Software is one of the primary elements of a computer system. It is a set of computer
program produce associated documentation related to the effective operation of a
computer system.
The software is classified into following categories.
System Software Utility Software Application Software
System Software
System software’s are programs that programs to directly interact
With the hardware for example – when a file is to be saved on disk, the system send
the required instructions to perform this task. It provides the environment to write
application programs.
System software is written by computer professionals called as system programmers.
System software is two types
1 – Translator
2 – Operating System
And translators are of three types
1 –Interpreters
2 – Compiler
3 – Assembler
Utilities
They are used to support, enhance, expand and secure existing programs and data in
the computer system. System utility mainly consists of the following functions.
Ex - Disk Compression, Disk Defragmenters, Backup Utilities, Disk Cleaners, Anti-
virus, Clipboard Manager.
6
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
7
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Application Software
It is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple tasks.
It is a set of instructions or programs designed for specific uses or applications, that
enable the user to interact with a computer. Application software are also called the
end-user programs.
Ex - General Purpose Software, Specific Purpose Software.
System Unit
CPU is the brain of a computer system. It consists of
a) Central Processing Unit (CPU):- The part of a computer system that carries
out the instructions of computer program to perform the basic arithmetical
logical and input / output operation of the system.
b) Control Unit (CU):-coordinates the input and output devices of a computer
system. It fetches the instructions which are given in the form of micro-
program. It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and
control signals.
c) Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic
and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central
processing unit of a computer.
An ALU loads data from input registers and control unit tells the ALU that
which operation is to be performed on the data and then ALU stores its result
into an output register.
(i) Logical operations (AND, NOT, OR, XOR)
(ii) Arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /)
(iii) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a specified number
of bits to the left or right, with or without sign extension).
(iv) Comparison operations (=, <, >, >=, <=)
8
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Memory
A computer system has storage areas referred to as memory. The memory can receive
hold and deliver data when instructed to do so. Data that are being processed are held
in primary memory.
Cache Memory
Cache (Pronounced cash) Memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a
computer’s central processing unit, or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU
uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs,
improving overall system speed.
As the microprocessor processes data, it first looks in the cache memory and if it finds
the data (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the time consuming
reading of data from larger memory.
Advantage of Cache Memory If needed data is found in cache then the CPU does
not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data transfer and thus processing
gets fast.
Primary Memory (Main Memory) It is temporary memory of computer,
because it stores the data on temporary basis. It has fast access time (fast working
speed) but small storage capacity.
Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM ROM
(1) Its full name is Random Access Memory (1) Its full name is Read Only Memory
(2) In ram we can transfer Data in any (2) In Rom we can’t transfer data but we
selected Location of primary Memory can switch on the different units of
computer
(3) Ram is volatile means when power is (3) Rom is non-volatile.
off all the information is lost
a. DRAM: -It need constant refreshing PROM: - Programmable Read Only
in order for the stored data to be Memory is a nonvolatile memory which
maintained. allows the user to program the chip with a
b. SRAM: -It does not need refreshing. PROM writer.
It is faster and expensive than
EPROM: - Stands for erasable
DRAM.
programmable read only memory.
EEPROM: - Stands for electrically erasable
programmable read only memory.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as permanent memory as we havetwo data on it for
future use,it is both read/write memory. Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Optical Disk
9
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Basic Units of Measurement
1Bit 4 Nibble
1Byte 8 Bit
1Kilo Bytes 1024 Bytes
1Mega Bytes 1024 KB
1Giga Bytes 1024 MB
1Tera Bytes 1024 GB
1 Peta Bytes 1024 TB
1Exabyte 1024 PB
1 Zetta Byte 1024 EB
1Yotta Bytes 1024 ZB
1 Bronto Bytes 1024 YB
1 Geop Bytes 1024 BB
Port & Slot
Mother Board
It is the main printed circuit board in an electronic device, which contain socket that
accept additional boards. In a personal computer the mother boards contain the BUS,
CPU, Memory Sockets, Keyboard controller and supporting chips.
Chips that control the video display serial and parallel ports mouse and disk drive may
or may not be present on the mother board. If not they are independent controllers that
are plugged into an expansion slotting a mother board?
Front USB Port, Mic &Headphone Slot
These very slots are used to accept any USBs, MIC &Headphone. The slots of MIC
&Headphones are called jack slot. It is located at the front panel of the CPU cabinet.
Power Supply Socket
This slot is used to supply the power to the CPU. In this way you can connect a
power cable through which the power is supplied to SMPS and that reaches to every
part of the necessary component.
Parallel Port
This is used to connect any parallel device to the computer system. This parallel
device may be a printer or something similar.
VGA Port
This port is used to connect to visual display unit like monitors.
Rear USB Port
This is called USB 2.0 used to connect USBs to the computer system like any
electronic device with USB connector can be connected to the computer system.
10
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
FUNDAMENTAL
Computer is a high speed electronic device that accepts data and instructions from the
user andprocesses the data according to the instructions given and produces
information as the output.
OR
A Computer is a very versatile electronic machine created by man. Computer has
made a great impact on our everyday life. Theirpresence is felt in almost every
aspects of life like home, school, colleges, office, industry’s, hospitals, bank, retail
stores, railway, research and design organization etc.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Data: - Data is a collection of unorganized facts, including words, numbers, images
and sound. Computers manipula.te and process data to display information.
Information: -information is the output of possessed data or it is the data whichis
organized and has meaning and useful examples of information like reports,
newsletters, pictures, invoices or cheques.
Meaning of Computer
C Commonly
O Operating
M Machine
P Properly
U Unit (Used for)
T Technical
E Educational
R Research
Anatomy of Computer
The five major functional units of a digital computer are.
a. Central Processing Unit (CPU) b. Input Units
c. Output Units d. Storage Device
e. Communication Interface
1
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Advantage of Computer
1. Speed: - A computer is so fast that it can perform the given task in a few seconds
as compared to man who will have to spend manyminutesfor doing the same
volume of task.
2. Accuracy: - While doing calculations a computer is more accurate thana man,
man can make mistakes in calculations but a computer does not, if it is provided
with accurate instructions.
3. High Memory: -A computer has much more memory or storage capacity than
human beings. It can store millions of data recalled even after a number of years.
This is not possible in case of human brain. cannot take decisions on its own.
4. Diligence: -A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration & fatigue,
therefore it can work continue 10-12 hours which is so difficult for man.
5. Versatility: -It means multitasking or the capacity of doing different types of jobs
like you may use your computer to prepare payroll slips, making inventory &
electricity bills.
Components of a Computer System
A Computer system consists of following units:
1. Computer Hardware
2. Computer Software
3. Computer User
Computer System
Hardwar Softwar User
e e
Hardware: -The combination of electronic, mechanical and physical components that
makes a computer is called hardware. We can touch, see and operate the system.The
computer system contains four types of hardware component.
a. Input Device c. Computer Processor
b. Output Device d. Secondary Storage Device
Software:- A set of program is called software or those components of computer
which we can see only. for eg- Ms Excel, Ms- Word.
User:- The personcommunicates with a computer or uses the information it generates
is called a user.
Generation of Computer
First Generation - (1945-1955)
2
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Second Generation - (1955-1964)
Third Generation - (1964-1974)
Fourth Generation - (1975-1989)
Fifth Generation - (1989-Present)
Criteria First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Basic Vacuum Transistor Integrated Micro Artificial
Electronic Tubes Circuits Processor IntelligenceComponent
Speed Slowest Slow Medium Faster Fastest
Size Largest Large Medium Smallest
Medium
Reliability Unreliable Less More High Yet to
Reliability Reliability Reliability Processor
Computers are following two types
General Purpose Computerthat follow instruction for general requirement such as
sale analyze, financial accounting, management information etc. are called general
purpose computer.
Comparison between Different Types
Si. Criteri Super Mainframe Mini Micro
No a Computer Computer Computer Compute
. r
01 CPU Very Fast Nano Fast Moderate Slow
Speed
02 Speed Pico Second Nano Second Micro Second Mini
Second
03 CPU Very Large Multiprocesso Multiprocesso Single
Base Multiprocesso r r processor
r
04 Storage Very Large Large Moderate Small
05 COST Very High High Medium Low
06 Number Many Many Are Many
of uses
3
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Classification of Computer
It is used
Purpose Application
toCalculate the Speed & size
Physical
Quantities
Eg: Electronic
Special Purpose Analog Super Computer
It is used in
Commercial &
Educational
General Purpose Digital Main frame
It is used in
Hospitality Hybrid Mini Computer
Work
It is also known
Micro Computer
as Personal
computer (P.C.)
Input Output System
Input is something put into a system or expended in its operation to achieve output or
a result. The information entered into a computer system.
Input Device
Those components of computer with the help of which we can enter any data
(Information) into the machine (System) are known as input device.
Output Device
Those components of computer with the help of which we can get (show) the result is
known as output device.
4
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Input Device Process Output Device
Keyboard Monitor
Mouse Printer
Mic Speaker
Scanner Headphone
Light Pen
Bar Code Reader (BCR)
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
Magnetic Ink Character Reorganizer (MICR)
Monitor
A monitor is an electronic visual device used to display the output. Type of monitor
VDU (Visual Display Unit) Monitor
This is an output device. There are two types of the soft output device, Audio output
device for eg Visual output devices. VDU is a visual soft output device and used for
the getting soft visual output on screen. VDU can be categorized into two types on the
basic of technology the first one is CRT and second is LCD.
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
This is television-like screen where the result of a computer’s tasks are displayed. In
this technology cathode ray falls on florescence screen and by deflecting rays make
picture.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)This VDU is thin, flat and having light
modulating technology. It is of two types.
A) TFT (Thin film Transistor) It is a variant of LCD and makes matrix but
not self-lighting.
B) LED (Light Emitting Diode)It is self-back light emitting technology,
picture quality is better.
Projector it is output device and often used in meetings
presentations. it contains a lens inside which is used to flash the film
to an object.
Plotterit is used to produce graphical out on papers. It used single
color or multi-color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc. it print
the maps and architecture of infrastructure. It is used in the
engineering applications.
Printer: -A printer is a device that can record information
permanently on paper in the form of printed copies.
5
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Type of Printer
Impact Non-Impact
It relies on a forcible impact on transfer It printers are much quieter than impact
ink to print media similar to the action of printer as their printing heads do not strike
typewriter. There is a mechanical contact the paper. They can be used for printing
between the paper and the print head, text and graphics both in black and white
and color.
Example
Dot matrix, Daisy wheel, Drum , Line Laser, Inkjet, Electrostatic, Thermal,
Electromagnetic.
Software
Software is one of the primary elements of a computer system. It is a set of computer
program produce associated documentation related to the effective operation of a
computer system.
The software is classified into following categories.
System Software Utility Software Application Software
System Software
System software’s are programs that programs to directly interact
With the hardware for example – when a file is to be saved on disk, the system send
the required instructions to perform this task. It provides the environment to write
application programs.
System software is written by computer professionals called as system programmers.
System software is two types
1 – Translator
2 – Operating System
And translators are of three types
1 –Interpreters
2 – Compiler
3 – Assembler
Utilities
They are used to support, enhance, expand and secure existing programs and data in
the computer system. System utility mainly consists of the following functions.
Ex - Disk Compression, Disk Defragmenters, Backup Utilities, Disk Cleaners, Anti-
virus, Clipboard Manager.
6
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
7
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Application Software
It is computer software designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple tasks.
It is a set of instructions or programs designed for specific uses or applications, that
enable the user to interact with a computer. Application software are also called the
end-user programs.
Ex - General Purpose Software, Specific Purpose Software.
System Unit
CPU is the brain of a computer system. It consists of
a) Central Processing Unit (CPU):- The part of a computer system that carries
out the instructions of computer program to perform the basic arithmetical
logical and input / output operation of the system.
b) Control Unit (CU):-coordinates the input and output devices of a computer
system. It fetches the instructions which are given in the form of micro-
program. It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and
control signals.
c) Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic
and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central
processing unit of a computer.
An ALU loads data from input registers and control unit tells the ALU that
which operation is to be performed on the data and then ALU stores its result
into an output register.
(i) Logical operations (AND, NOT, OR, XOR)
(ii) Arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /)
(iii) Bit-shifting operations (shifting or rotating a word by a specified number
of bits to the left or right, with or without sign extension).
(iv) Comparison operations (=, <, >, >=, <=)
8
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Memory
A computer system has storage areas referred to as memory. The memory can receive
hold and deliver data when instructed to do so. Data that are being processed are held
in primary memory.
Cache Memory
Cache (Pronounced cash) Memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a
computer’s central processing unit, or located next to it on a separate chip. The CPU
uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run programs,
improving overall system speed.
As the microprocessor processes data, it first looks in the cache memory and if it finds
the data (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the time consuming
reading of data from larger memory.
Advantage of Cache Memory If needed data is found in cache then the CPU does
not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data transfer and thus processing
gets fast.
Primary Memory (Main Memory) It is temporary memory of computer,
because it stores the data on temporary basis. It has fast access time (fast working
speed) but small storage capacity.
Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM ROM
(1) Its full name is Random Access Memory (1) Its full name is Read Only Memory
(2) In ram we can transfer Data in any (2) In Rom we can’t transfer data but we
selected Location of primary Memory can switch on the different units of
computer
(3) Ram is volatile means when power is (3) Rom is non-volatile.
off all the information is lost
a. DRAM: -It need constant refreshing PROM: - Programmable Read Only
in order for the stored data to be Memory is a nonvolatile memory which
maintained. allows the user to program the chip with a
b. SRAM: -It does not need refreshing. PROM writer.
It is faster and expensive than
EPROM: - Stands for erasable
DRAM.
programmable read only memory.
EEPROM: - Stands for electrically erasable
programmable read only memory.
Secondary Memory
Secondary memory is also known as permanent memory as we havetwo data on it for
future use,it is both read/write memory. Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Optical Disk
9
, Wide Computer Academy
Near - Chaudhary Sweets, United Bank Kanpur – 19
Basic Units of Measurement
1Bit 4 Nibble
1Byte 8 Bit
1Kilo Bytes 1024 Bytes
1Mega Bytes 1024 KB
1Giga Bytes 1024 MB
1Tera Bytes 1024 GB
1 Peta Bytes 1024 TB
1Exabyte 1024 PB
1 Zetta Byte 1024 EB
1Yotta Bytes 1024 ZB
1 Bronto Bytes 1024 YB
1 Geop Bytes 1024 BB
Port & Slot
Mother Board
It is the main printed circuit board in an electronic device, which contain socket that
accept additional boards. In a personal computer the mother boards contain the BUS,
CPU, Memory Sockets, Keyboard controller and supporting chips.
Chips that control the video display serial and parallel ports mouse and disk drive may
or may not be present on the mother board. If not they are independent controllers that
are plugged into an expansion slotting a mother board?
Front USB Port, Mic &Headphone Slot
These very slots are used to accept any USBs, MIC &Headphone. The slots of MIC
&Headphones are called jack slot. It is located at the front panel of the CPU cabinet.
Power Supply Socket
This slot is used to supply the power to the CPU. In this way you can connect a
power cable through which the power is supplied to SMPS and that reaches to every
part of the necessary component.
Parallel Port
This is used to connect any parallel device to the computer system. This parallel
device may be a printer or something similar.
VGA Port
This port is used to connect to visual display unit like monitors.
Rear USB Port
This is called USB 2.0 used to connect USBs to the computer system like any
electronic device with USB connector can be connected to the computer system.
10
