MEDICAL SURGICAL 3-
CORONARY OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE COMPLICATIONS
- A condition of chronic dyspnea with Respiratory Failure - depends of baseline
expiratory airflow limitation that does not pulmonary function, pulse oximetry or ABG,
significantly fluctuate comorbid conditions
mao nang naay: Respiratory Insufficiency – acute or
Limited Airflow – tungod ga inflame chronic, may need ventilator support
ang bronchioles ug naay excessive
mucus DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
Inability to fully exhale – loss of 1. Pulmonary Function Studies – used to help
elasticity sa alveolar sacs, mao na di confirm the diagnosis of COPD, determine
katarong inflate ug deflate which disease severity, and monitor disease
results to improper gas exchange progression
2. Spirometry – used to evaluate airway
- Defined by The Global Initiative for Chronic Lung obstruction, determined by vital
Disease as “preventable and treatable disease capacity
with some significant extrapulmonary effects
3. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) – assess baseline
that may contribute to the severity in individual
oxygenation and gas exchange
patients”
- Happens gradually
4. Chest X-ray – may reveal hyperinflation
of lungs, flattened diaphragm, increased
CLASSIFICATION retrosternal air space, decreased vascular
Chronic Bronchitis markings (emphysema), increased
Emphysema bronchovascular markings (chronic
bronchitis), normal findings during periods of
CAUSES remission (asthma)
Smoking – mao gyud ni Depresses activity of 5. Pulmonary Function Tests
main cause scavenger cells and
affects the respiratory
GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD
tract’s ciliary
cleansing mechanism
Occupational Exposure Prolonged and intense Progressive Airflow Limitation/ Lung Injury
exposure to occupational
dust and chemicals,
indoor and outdoor air
pollution Inflammatory Response of Lungs
Genetic Abnormalities Deficiency of Alpha 1-
antitrypsin, an enzyme
inhibitor that protects
the lung parenchyma Change that is not completely REVERSIBLE
from injury
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
EMPHYSEMA
1. Chronic Cough – primary symptom
- Enlarged and damaged alveoli
2. Sputum Production – hyperstimulation of
- Experiences BREATHLESSNESS – usually
the goblet cells and the mucus- secreting
kani sila kay maka fully inhale but inig
gland leading to overproduction of sputum
exhale nila kay gamay ra, mao naa CO2
3. Dyspnea on Exertion – progressive,
retention (hypercapnia)
persistent and worsens with
- Exhibits hyperinflated lungs = BARREL CHEST
exercise
4. Dyspnea at Rest
COMPLICATIONS
5. Weight Loss
1. Pulmonary Insufficiency – naay problem
6. Barrel Chest – Barrel Chest
sa valves (semilunar valves)
Thorax Configuration
Problems in the lungs affect the heart
(emphysema)
, MEDICAL SURGICAL 3-
Valves = prevents backflow of blood
CORONARY OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE COMPLICATIONS
- A condition of chronic dyspnea with Respiratory Failure - depends of baseline
expiratory airflow limitation that does not pulmonary function, pulse oximetry or ABG,
significantly fluctuate comorbid conditions
mao nang naay: Respiratory Insufficiency – acute or
Limited Airflow – tungod ga inflame chronic, may need ventilator support
ang bronchioles ug naay excessive
mucus DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
Inability to fully exhale – loss of 1. Pulmonary Function Studies – used to help
elasticity sa alveolar sacs, mao na di confirm the diagnosis of COPD, determine
katarong inflate ug deflate which disease severity, and monitor disease
results to improper gas exchange progression
2. Spirometry – used to evaluate airway
- Defined by The Global Initiative for Chronic Lung obstruction, determined by vital
Disease as “preventable and treatable disease capacity
with some significant extrapulmonary effects
3. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) – assess baseline
that may contribute to the severity in individual
oxygenation and gas exchange
patients”
- Happens gradually
4. Chest X-ray – may reveal hyperinflation
of lungs, flattened diaphragm, increased
CLASSIFICATION retrosternal air space, decreased vascular
Chronic Bronchitis markings (emphysema), increased
Emphysema bronchovascular markings (chronic
bronchitis), normal findings during periods of
CAUSES remission (asthma)
Smoking – mao gyud ni Depresses activity of 5. Pulmonary Function Tests
main cause scavenger cells and
affects the respiratory
GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF COPD
tract’s ciliary
cleansing mechanism
Occupational Exposure Prolonged and intense Progressive Airflow Limitation/ Lung Injury
exposure to occupational
dust and chemicals,
indoor and outdoor air
pollution Inflammatory Response of Lungs
Genetic Abnormalities Deficiency of Alpha 1-
antitrypsin, an enzyme
inhibitor that protects
the lung parenchyma Change that is not completely REVERSIBLE
from injury
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
EMPHYSEMA
1. Chronic Cough – primary symptom
- Enlarged and damaged alveoli
2. Sputum Production – hyperstimulation of
- Experiences BREATHLESSNESS – usually
the goblet cells and the mucus- secreting
kani sila kay maka fully inhale but inig
gland leading to overproduction of sputum
exhale nila kay gamay ra, mao naa CO2
3. Dyspnea on Exertion – progressive,
retention (hypercapnia)
persistent and worsens with
- Exhibits hyperinflated lungs = BARREL CHEST
exercise
4. Dyspnea at Rest
COMPLICATIONS
5. Weight Loss
1. Pulmonary Insufficiency – naay problem
6. Barrel Chest – Barrel Chest
sa valves (semilunar valves)
Thorax Configuration
Problems in the lungs affect the heart
(emphysema)
, MEDICAL SURGICAL 3-
Valves = prevents backflow of blood
