NUR 250 Patho Exam 1 Concepts Questions And
Answers With Verified Solutions
What is the primary line of defense of the immune response? ANS Innate immunity
Skin boundary- including mucous membranes, enzymes, natural microbial flora and complement system
What is the second line of defense of the immune response? ANS Inflammatory response
accomplished by the activities of the phagocytes, natural killer T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages
What is the third line of defense of the immune response? ANS adaptive (acquired) immunity
-antibodies derived from B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes resulting from learned or acquired specific
immunity
What are characteristics of innate immunity? ANS -Nonspecific immunity present at birth
-1st line of defense in the immune response
-causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain
What are components of innate immunity? ANS -Physical barries: skin, mucous, membranes, mucus
-Enzymes in epithelial and phagocytic cells
-Inflammation-related proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Toll-like receptors that help send pathogens and signal response
-Cells that release inflammatory mediators, like cytokins
-antimicrobial peptides
-phagocytes
What are characteristics of adaptive/ acquired immunity? ANS -continually refined throughout the life of
the individual
-highly specific to pathogen (once exposed, individual has long-lasting protection against that particular
pathogen)
-Basis of vaccination
-protection that is gained after birth either actively or passively
,What cells are important to adaptive/ acquired immunity? ANS -lymphocytes (B and T cells)
What is the main difference between B cells and T cells? ANS -B cells produce antibodies that attach to a
specific antigen, allowing immune cells to destroy the antigen
-T cells directly attack the antigen and help control the immune response
What is the definition of inflammation? ANS -An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or
allergy
-protective process initiated to minimize or remove the pathologic agent or stimuli triggering the inflammation
and to promote healing
What are characteristics of the inflammatory response?
-Where does it occur?
-is it a slow/quick response?
-dependent on?
-specific or nonspecific?
-vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
-inc or dec vascular permeability?
-where do white blood cells adhere to? ANS -Occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascular)
-Activated rapidly (within seconds) of damage
-Dependent upon the activity of both cellular and chemical components
-Nonspecific - takes place in the same way regardless of the stimulus
-vasodilation- flows blood velocity but inc blood flow
-inc vascular permeability and leakage of fluid outside of vessel
-white blood cell adhere to inner walls of vessels
What kind of onset is created with an acute inflammation? What are systemic symptoms? ANS -rapid
onset with prominent systemic symptoms
-fever, chills, malaise, plasma protein synthesis
-leukocytosis with shift to the left (>11,000/microL WBC's with immature neutrophils?
What are local responses of an acute infection? ANS -swelling, redness, heat, pain
, What are common acute inflammatory responses? ANS -infection, tissue injury, response to foreign
bodies, immune reactions
What are benefits of inflammation? ANS -prevents infection and further damage
-limits and controls the inflammatory process through the influx of plasma protein systems, plasma enzymes,
and cells that prevent the inflammatory response from spreading to areas of healthy tissue
- interacts with components of the adaptive immunity system
-prepares the area of injury for healing through removal of the bacterial products, dead cells, and other
products of inflammation
Name the Plasma Protein Systems involved in the inflammation process. ANS -complement system
-clotting system
-tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway
-contact activation (intrinsic) pathway
-Kinin system
What is the most important function of the complement system? Which factors does this involve? ANS -
activation of the C3 and C5
-opsonins, chemotactic factors, and phylantoxins
What are opsonins? ANS -involved in complement system
-coat the surface of bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being phagocytized and killed by neutrophils
and macrophages
What are chemotactic factors? ANS -involved in complement system
-diffuse from the site of inflammation and attract phagocytic cells
What are phylatoxins? ANS -involved in complement system
-induces rapid degranulation of mast cells (i.e. release histamine)
What is the clotting system? ANS -plasma protein system
Answers With Verified Solutions
What is the primary line of defense of the immune response? ANS Innate immunity
Skin boundary- including mucous membranes, enzymes, natural microbial flora and complement system
What is the second line of defense of the immune response? ANS Inflammatory response
accomplished by the activities of the phagocytes, natural killer T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages
What is the third line of defense of the immune response? ANS adaptive (acquired) immunity
-antibodies derived from B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes resulting from learned or acquired specific
immunity
What are characteristics of innate immunity? ANS -Nonspecific immunity present at birth
-1st line of defense in the immune response
-causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain
What are components of innate immunity? ANS -Physical barries: skin, mucous, membranes, mucus
-Enzymes in epithelial and phagocytic cells
-Inflammation-related proteins like C-reactive protein (CRP)
-Toll-like receptors that help send pathogens and signal response
-Cells that release inflammatory mediators, like cytokins
-antimicrobial peptides
-phagocytes
What are characteristics of adaptive/ acquired immunity? ANS -continually refined throughout the life of
the individual
-highly specific to pathogen (once exposed, individual has long-lasting protection against that particular
pathogen)
-Basis of vaccination
-protection that is gained after birth either actively or passively
,What cells are important to adaptive/ acquired immunity? ANS -lymphocytes (B and T cells)
What is the main difference between B cells and T cells? ANS -B cells produce antibodies that attach to a
specific antigen, allowing immune cells to destroy the antigen
-T cells directly attack the antigen and help control the immune response
What is the definition of inflammation? ANS -An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection, or
allergy
-protective process initiated to minimize or remove the pathologic agent or stimuli triggering the inflammation
and to promote healing
What are characteristics of the inflammatory response?
-Where does it occur?
-is it a slow/quick response?
-dependent on?
-specific or nonspecific?
-vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
-inc or dec vascular permeability?
-where do white blood cells adhere to? ANS -Occurs in tissues with a blood supply (vascular)
-Activated rapidly (within seconds) of damage
-Dependent upon the activity of both cellular and chemical components
-Nonspecific - takes place in the same way regardless of the stimulus
-vasodilation- flows blood velocity but inc blood flow
-inc vascular permeability and leakage of fluid outside of vessel
-white blood cell adhere to inner walls of vessels
What kind of onset is created with an acute inflammation? What are systemic symptoms? ANS -rapid
onset with prominent systemic symptoms
-fever, chills, malaise, plasma protein synthesis
-leukocytosis with shift to the left (>11,000/microL WBC's with immature neutrophils?
What are local responses of an acute infection? ANS -swelling, redness, heat, pain
, What are common acute inflammatory responses? ANS -infection, tissue injury, response to foreign
bodies, immune reactions
What are benefits of inflammation? ANS -prevents infection and further damage
-limits and controls the inflammatory process through the influx of plasma protein systems, plasma enzymes,
and cells that prevent the inflammatory response from spreading to areas of healthy tissue
- interacts with components of the adaptive immunity system
-prepares the area of injury for healing through removal of the bacterial products, dead cells, and other
products of inflammation
Name the Plasma Protein Systems involved in the inflammation process. ANS -complement system
-clotting system
-tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway
-contact activation (intrinsic) pathway
-Kinin system
What is the most important function of the complement system? Which factors does this involve? ANS -
activation of the C3 and C5
-opsonins, chemotactic factors, and phylantoxins
What are opsonins? ANS -involved in complement system
-coat the surface of bacteria and increase their susceptibility to being phagocytized and killed by neutrophils
and macrophages
What are chemotactic factors? ANS -involved in complement system
-diffuse from the site of inflammation and attract phagocytic cells
What are phylatoxins? ANS -involved in complement system
-induces rapid degranulation of mast cells (i.e. release histamine)
What is the clotting system? ANS -plasma protein system
