NRSG 265 examination Questions with verified
answers latest update 2025
Airway obstruction in asthma is related to --- correct answer ---
Exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation
How long after SC insulin can you eat --- correct answer ---30mins
In atrial fibrillation (AF), where does the electrical impulse primarily
arise from? --- correct answer ---Pulmonary Veins in Left ventricle
Cessation of the hypoxic drive to breathe does not occur until the
PaO2 reaches (COPD pts) --- correct answer ---60mmHg
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is used in angina to: --- correct answer ---
Metabolise glyceryl trinitrate to nitric oxide which causes vasodilation
and increases blood flow and oxygen supply to coronary arteries
What is pathophysiology leading to the long term microvascular
complications in diabetes? --- correct answer ---Recurrent and
persistent hyperglycaemia --> Glucose becomes irreversibly bound to
RBCs, blood vessel walls, and interstitial tissue
,The bi-product is advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE)
This binds to cells and increases release of inflammatory cells -->
fibrosis of tissue
Decreased Nitric Oxide -->loss of vasodilation -->vasoconstriction
Coagulant changes --> promotes platelet adhesion --> increased blood
viscosity
Increased oxidative stress
Nephropathy: increased blood viscosity -->increased renal blood flow
-->inc glomerular pressure and HT --> injury to glomerulus --
>decreasedGFR --> renal failure
Retinopathy: decreased perfusion to retina --> ischaemia --> blindness
develops over time
Neuropathy: reduced perfusion to nerves--> impaired axonal support-
-> demyelination
Why are patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF) prescribed
anticoagulants? --- correct answer ---Due to the increased atrial rate
and slower ventricular rate, the atria cannot empty completely. This
means blood pools in these chambers and will coagulate. If these clots
are pumped out of the atria, it can become lodged in the brain or
lungs, causing stroke or a pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulant therapy
,is prescribed for these patients to reduce their risk of clot formation,
and to reduce the risk of stroke.
What can cause respiratory acidosis? --- correct answer ---Opioid
overdose
Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed in the nephrons --- correct
answer ---Nephrons
Patients who have CKD are at risk of anaemia. What is the reason
behind this --- correct answer ---The kidneys are responsible for the
production of erythropoietin, which is required for the production of
red blood cells. In CKD, there are less functioning nephrons which
affects the ability of the kidneys to produce this essential hormone,
resulting less RBC production and increasing the risk of anaemia.
Pulmonary congestion, the presence of a sputum-frothy cough and
reduced urine output can be signs of --- correct answer ---Left sided
congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
COPD management --- correct answer ---Smoking cessation, reduce
risk factors, vaccination (influenza, pneumococcal), pharmacological
, management (bronchodilator, corticosteroids), pulmonary
rehabilitation, long term oxygen therapy
short acting beta 2 agonists --- correct answer ---salbutamol
(ventolin)
B2 receptors (found in smooth muscle of airway) inhibit bronchial
smooth muscle caring relaxation of airway muscles = increase airway
diameter, decreased resistance, increased gas exchange, decreased
WOB
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) --- correct answer -
--non-specific, caused by ischemia inflammation, trauma or infectio
presence of 2 or more: fever/hypothermia, HR>90, RR>20, PaCO2 <
32, WBC
>12000 or <4000
Sepsis --- correct answer ---infection + 2 SIRS, life threatening organ
dysfunction with a threatening organ dysfunction with a dysregulated
host response to infection. overwhelming inflammatory response
Septic shock --- correct answer ---persistent hypotension not
responding to fluid resuscitation, Cardiovascular dysfunction and
haemodynamic instability, lactate levels >2mmol/L
answers latest update 2025
Airway obstruction in asthma is related to --- correct answer ---
Exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation
How long after SC insulin can you eat --- correct answer ---30mins
In atrial fibrillation (AF), where does the electrical impulse primarily
arise from? --- correct answer ---Pulmonary Veins in Left ventricle
Cessation of the hypoxic drive to breathe does not occur until the
PaO2 reaches (COPD pts) --- correct answer ---60mmHg
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is used in angina to: --- correct answer ---
Metabolise glyceryl trinitrate to nitric oxide which causes vasodilation
and increases blood flow and oxygen supply to coronary arteries
What is pathophysiology leading to the long term microvascular
complications in diabetes? --- correct answer ---Recurrent and
persistent hyperglycaemia --> Glucose becomes irreversibly bound to
RBCs, blood vessel walls, and interstitial tissue
,The bi-product is advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE)
This binds to cells and increases release of inflammatory cells -->
fibrosis of tissue
Decreased Nitric Oxide -->loss of vasodilation -->vasoconstriction
Coagulant changes --> promotes platelet adhesion --> increased blood
viscosity
Increased oxidative stress
Nephropathy: increased blood viscosity -->increased renal blood flow
-->inc glomerular pressure and HT --> injury to glomerulus --
>decreasedGFR --> renal failure
Retinopathy: decreased perfusion to retina --> ischaemia --> blindness
develops over time
Neuropathy: reduced perfusion to nerves--> impaired axonal support-
-> demyelination
Why are patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF) prescribed
anticoagulants? --- correct answer ---Due to the increased atrial rate
and slower ventricular rate, the atria cannot empty completely. This
means blood pools in these chambers and will coagulate. If these clots
are pumped out of the atria, it can become lodged in the brain or
lungs, causing stroke or a pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulant therapy
,is prescribed for these patients to reduce their risk of clot formation,
and to reduce the risk of stroke.
What can cause respiratory acidosis? --- correct answer ---Opioid
overdose
Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed in the nephrons --- correct
answer ---Nephrons
Patients who have CKD are at risk of anaemia. What is the reason
behind this --- correct answer ---The kidneys are responsible for the
production of erythropoietin, which is required for the production of
red blood cells. In CKD, there are less functioning nephrons which
affects the ability of the kidneys to produce this essential hormone,
resulting less RBC production and increasing the risk of anaemia.
Pulmonary congestion, the presence of a sputum-frothy cough and
reduced urine output can be signs of --- correct answer ---Left sided
congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
COPD management --- correct answer ---Smoking cessation, reduce
risk factors, vaccination (influenza, pneumococcal), pharmacological
, management (bronchodilator, corticosteroids), pulmonary
rehabilitation, long term oxygen therapy
short acting beta 2 agonists --- correct answer ---salbutamol
(ventolin)
B2 receptors (found in smooth muscle of airway) inhibit bronchial
smooth muscle caring relaxation of airway muscles = increase airway
diameter, decreased resistance, increased gas exchange, decreased
WOB
SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) --- correct answer -
--non-specific, caused by ischemia inflammation, trauma or infectio
presence of 2 or more: fever/hypothermia, HR>90, RR>20, PaCO2 <
32, WBC
>12000 or <4000
Sepsis --- correct answer ---infection + 2 SIRS, life threatening organ
dysfunction with a threatening organ dysfunction with a dysregulated
host response to infection. overwhelming inflammatory response
Septic shock --- correct answer ---persistent hypotension not
responding to fluid resuscitation, Cardiovascular dysfunction and
haemodynamic instability, lactate levels >2mmol/L
