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1. Epidemiology: study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants
(causes, risk factors) of health related states and events (not just diseases) in
specified populations.
2. Roles of epidemiology in public health:: - monitor health of a pop
-respond to emerging public health problems
-promote research and use of evidence based interventions
-evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
-findings provide foundations for public health policy
-set funding priorities for research intervention programs
3. which components of epidemiology describes who gets the disease, where
people with the disease are located and how these aspects of disease change
over time?: distribution
4. population: a group of people with a common characteristic in terms of person,
place, and time
5. crude mortality: number of deaths from all causes
6. age specific mortality: number of deaths from all causes in a specific age group
7. cause specific mortality: number of deaths from a specific cause
8. infant mortality: number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age
9. prevalence rate: number of existing cases of disease
10. incidence rate: number of new cases of disease
11. disability: umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation
restrictions
12. disease frequency: quantification of the disease in the population: how often
does the disease occur
13. disease distribution: analysis of disease patterns: who, where, does it change
over time
14. epidemic: an increase in the number of cases of disease in a community, above
what is expected
15. endemic: a situation in a community in which there is a consistent elevated rate
of a certain disease
16. pandemic: an epidemic that is widespread across a country, continent, or a
large populace, possibly world wide (ex. aids)
17. ratio: division of one number by another, numbers dont have to be related
18. proportion: numerator is subset of denominator, often expressed as a percent-
age
19. rate: time is an intrinsic part of denominator, term is most misused
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20. prevalence: number of existing cases of disease/ number in total population (at
a point or during a period of time)
21. incidence: number of new cases of disease that develop in the population at
risk during a specific time period
22. cumulative incidence: -number of new cases of disease/number in candidate
population (people who are at risk of getting disease) over a specified period of time
- estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop disease during a
specified time
- used mainly for fixed populations
23. incidence rate: number of new cases of disease in the candidate population/
person time of observation
24. relationship between incidence and prevalence: -incidence decreases but
people are living longer with the disease= increased prevalence
- the incidence increases but the duration is short= decreased prevalence
- the incidence decreases and the duration is short= decreased prevalence
25. relative risk: [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
or rate in exposed/rate in unexposed
26. Relative Risk (RR)=1.0: no association between exposure and disease
27. RR=2.0: two times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unex-
posed
28. RR=1.6: 1.6 times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unexposed
or 60% increased risk of disease in the exposed (1.6-1.0=.60=60%)
29. RR-.5: .5 times or 1/2 the risk of disease in exposed compared to the unexposed
30. odds ratio: -represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular
exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that
exposure
- most commonly used in case-control studies; can also be used in cross sectional
and cohort studies
31. OR equation: (a/b)/(c/d)
32. which condition must be met in order for the Odds ratio to approximate the
relative risk?: the disease must be rare
33. ecological study (correlational): -unit of analysis: population or groups
- exposure status: based on the population
- time can vary
34. ecological fallacy: making assumptions about the individual based on findings
at the level of the population
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35. cross sectional: -time: snapshot in time
-population- individual level (selected without regard to exposure or disease status)
-measure: prevalence of disease
- measure of association: OR
-cannot determine cause and effect
36. case control: -disease is rate
-disease has a long induction and latent period
-little is known about the disease
- selection of the cases
-selection of controls
37. cohort study: a study in which two more groups of people that are free of
disease and that differ according to the extent of exposure (exposed and unexposed)
are compared with respect to disease incidence
38. Cohort study: -purpose: studies causes, preventions, and treatments for dis-
eases
- key feature: investigator selects subjects according to their exposure levels and
follows them for disease/outcome
-setting: trial not ethical, feasible, or too expensive. moderate or large effect expect-
ed. little known about exposure and so can evaluate many effects of an exposure,
exposure is rare.
39. Randomized controlled trial: -investigate the role of some agent in the preven-
tion of treatment of disease
-the agent can be a treatment, screening program, intervention, etc.
- the investigator controls the agent
- considered gold standard
40. goal of randomization: -to achieve baseline comparability between compared
groups on factors related to outcome
-compared groups are the same except for the treatment
- randomization provides balance between the groups with respect to known and
unknown factors
- the larger the groups, the better randomization works
41. placebos: -are used to make the groups as comparable as possible
- allow study to be blind
42. blinding: -subjects do not know if they are receiving treatment or placebo (single
blind); neither subjects nor investigators know who is receiving treatment or placebo
(double blind)
- purpose: to avoid bias in ascertainment of outcome
prehensive questions and verified answers/accurate solutions|Already
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1. Epidemiology: study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants
(causes, risk factors) of health related states and events (not just diseases) in
specified populations.
2. Roles of epidemiology in public health:: - monitor health of a pop
-respond to emerging public health problems
-promote research and use of evidence based interventions
-evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
-findings provide foundations for public health policy
-set funding priorities for research intervention programs
3. which components of epidemiology describes who gets the disease, where
people with the disease are located and how these aspects of disease change
over time?: distribution
4. population: a group of people with a common characteristic in terms of person,
place, and time
5. crude mortality: number of deaths from all causes
6. age specific mortality: number of deaths from all causes in a specific age group
7. cause specific mortality: number of deaths from a specific cause
8. infant mortality: number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age
9. prevalence rate: number of existing cases of disease
10. incidence rate: number of new cases of disease
11. disability: umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation
restrictions
12. disease frequency: quantification of the disease in the population: how often
does the disease occur
13. disease distribution: analysis of disease patterns: who, where, does it change
over time
14. epidemic: an increase in the number of cases of disease in a community, above
what is expected
15. endemic: a situation in a community in which there is a consistent elevated rate
of a certain disease
16. pandemic: an epidemic that is widespread across a country, continent, or a
large populace, possibly world wide (ex. aids)
17. ratio: division of one number by another, numbers dont have to be related
18. proportion: numerator is subset of denominator, often expressed as a percent-
age
19. rate: time is an intrinsic part of denominator, term is most misused
, 2024/25|Certified Public Health Exam-CPH|2024-2025 latest version|Co
prehensive questions and verified answers/accurate solutions|Already
graded A+
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gzqdcv
20. prevalence: number of existing cases of disease/ number in total population (at
a point or during a period of time)
21. incidence: number of new cases of disease that develop in the population at
risk during a specific time period
22. cumulative incidence: -number of new cases of disease/number in candidate
population (people who are at risk of getting disease) over a specified period of time
- estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop disease during a
specified time
- used mainly for fixed populations
23. incidence rate: number of new cases of disease in the candidate population/
person time of observation
24. relationship between incidence and prevalence: -incidence decreases but
people are living longer with the disease= increased prevalence
- the incidence increases but the duration is short= decreased prevalence
- the incidence decreases and the duration is short= decreased prevalence
25. relative risk: [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
or rate in exposed/rate in unexposed
26. Relative Risk (RR)=1.0: no association between exposure and disease
27. RR=2.0: two times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unex-
posed
28. RR=1.6: 1.6 times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the unexposed
or 60% increased risk of disease in the exposed (1.6-1.0=.60=60%)
29. RR-.5: .5 times or 1/2 the risk of disease in exposed compared to the unexposed
30. odds ratio: -represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular
exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that
exposure
- most commonly used in case-control studies; can also be used in cross sectional
and cohort studies
31. OR equation: (a/b)/(c/d)
32. which condition must be met in order for the Odds ratio to approximate the
relative risk?: the disease must be rare
33. ecological study (correlational): -unit of analysis: population or groups
- exposure status: based on the population
- time can vary
34. ecological fallacy: making assumptions about the individual based on findings
at the level of the population
, 2024/25|Certified Public Health Exam-CPH|2024-2025 latest version|Co
prehensive questions and verified answers/accurate solutions|Already
graded A+
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gzqdcv
35. cross sectional: -time: snapshot in time
-population- individual level (selected without regard to exposure or disease status)
-measure: prevalence of disease
- measure of association: OR
-cannot determine cause and effect
36. case control: -disease is rate
-disease has a long induction and latent period
-little is known about the disease
- selection of the cases
-selection of controls
37. cohort study: a study in which two more groups of people that are free of
disease and that differ according to the extent of exposure (exposed and unexposed)
are compared with respect to disease incidence
38. Cohort study: -purpose: studies causes, preventions, and treatments for dis-
eases
- key feature: investigator selects subjects according to their exposure levels and
follows them for disease/outcome
-setting: trial not ethical, feasible, or too expensive. moderate or large effect expect-
ed. little known about exposure and so can evaluate many effects of an exposure,
exposure is rare.
39. Randomized controlled trial: -investigate the role of some agent in the preven-
tion of treatment of disease
-the agent can be a treatment, screening program, intervention, etc.
- the investigator controls the agent
- considered gold standard
40. goal of randomization: -to achieve baseline comparability between compared
groups on factors related to outcome
-compared groups are the same except for the treatment
- randomization provides balance between the groups with respect to known and
unknown factors
- the larger the groups, the better randomization works
41. placebos: -are used to make the groups as comparable as possible
- allow study to be blind
42. blinding: -subjects do not know if they are receiving treatment or placebo (single
blind); neither subjects nor investigators know who is receiving treatment or placebo
(double blind)
- purpose: to avoid bias in ascertainment of outcome
