Portage Learning A&P II - FINAL EXAM
WITH A STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE
EXAM | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST
UPDATE
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - CORRECT ANSWER the sensory and motor
neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- SENSORY signals from sensory organs via AFFERENT DIVISION to the CNS =>
back to muscles and glands via motor, EFFERENT DIVISION (somatic and autonomic
NS)
Somatic NS vs. Autonomic NS - CORRECT ANSWER Somatic NS:
- 1 motor neuron to target
- innervates skeletal muscle for VOLUNTARY movement
Autonomic NS:
- chain of 2+ motor neurons to target
- preganglionic & postganglionic neurons
- innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands for INVOLUNTARY control
- SYMPATHETIC division and PARASYMPATHETIC division
Sympathetic NS vs. Parasympathetic NS - CORRECT ANSWER Sympathetic (fight or
flight) =>activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and/or
emergencies
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) => operates during normal situations, permits
digestion, and conserves energy
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
- Cell bodies = cell bodies in CNS
- Tracts = collection of nerve axons in the CNS
Parts of the neuron - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Cell body => synthesizes all nerve
products; manufacturers neurotransmitters; contains NO CENTRIOLES (bc no mitosis)
,2) Axon => conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to axon terminals; contain NO
rough ER
3) Dendrites => RECEIVING end of impulses
3 types of neurons - CORRECT ANSWER 1) SENSORY neurons => Afferent,
UNIpolar, carry info from PNS to CNS
2) MOTOR neurons => Efferent, MULTIpolar, send messages from CNS to PNS
3) INTERNEURONS => ONLY in CNS; MULTIpolar, transmit impulses within different
parts of the CNS
Multipolar neuron vs. Bipolar neuron vs. Unipolar neuron - CORRECT ANSWER
MULTIPOLAR = 1 axon + many dendrites
BIPOLAR = 2 extensions from central body
- found within SPECIAL receptor cells in visual and olfactory systems
UNIPOLAR = 1 extension off cell body that BRANCHES into 2:
1) central running to CNS
2) peripheral running to sensory receptors
neuroglia cells - CORRECT ANSWER support cells for neurons
ganglia - CORRECT ANSWER Collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWER type of neuroglial cell that coats sections of
axon in a fatty layer = MYELIN SHEATH to provide insulation and increase speed of
nerve impulses
satellite cells - CORRECT ANSWER surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, helping to
regulate the cell body environment
axonal regeneration - CORRECT ANSWER nerves themselves cannot regenerate,
BUT axons in the PNS can regrow under certain conditions
- Schwann cells grow ahead of axons, creating a path for the axon to follow as it grows
Types of neutoglial cells in the CNS - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Ependymal cells =>
circulate CSF to allow fluid exchange
2) Ogliodendrocytes => insulation for CNS axons
3) Astrocytes => control chemical environment by wrapping around capillaries,
establishing the selective BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
, 4) Microglial cells => protect CNS by scavenging dead cells and microorganisms
self-propagation - CORRECT ANSWER ion channels are prompted to open when
membrane potential decreases (DEPOLARIZES) regardless => ALL-OR-NOTHING
process
- INTENSITY of signal = # of neurons stimulated and the frequency of stimulation
What occurs at the synapse? - CORRECT ANSWER ELECTRICAL > CHEMICAL >
ELECTRICAL
- neurotransmitters allow signal to jump synaptic gap
1) Voltage-gated Ca+ channels OPEN
2) Ca+ rushing INTO cell, causing VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS to FUSE
WITH MEMBRANE
3) Vesicles release NEUROTRANSMITTERS into synaptic space, where they bind to
extracellular receptors on postsynaptic neuron
- short distance and time prevents continuous stimulation via INHIBITION
4) This binding causes Na+ channels to OPEN on the next neuron, causing
DEPOLARIZATION
5) This depolarization propagates the impulse forward to next target (in ONE
DIRECTION)
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - CORRECT ANSWER The
neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles
at the end of axon terminals.
A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during
surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why
not? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes; Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the
axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the
axon.
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Impulse reaches muscle
fiber at NMJ, ACETYLCHOLINE is release into synapse
2) Acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fiber, causing Na+ channels to OPEN
3) Na+ rushes INTO MUSCLE CELL, triggering an action potential at the
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
4) Ca+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing muscle contraction
WITH A STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE
EXAM | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST
UPDATE
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - CORRECT ANSWER the sensory and motor
neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- SENSORY signals from sensory organs via AFFERENT DIVISION to the CNS =>
back to muscles and glands via motor, EFFERENT DIVISION (somatic and autonomic
NS)
Somatic NS vs. Autonomic NS - CORRECT ANSWER Somatic NS:
- 1 motor neuron to target
- innervates skeletal muscle for VOLUNTARY movement
Autonomic NS:
- chain of 2+ motor neurons to target
- preganglionic & postganglionic neurons
- innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands for INVOLUNTARY control
- SYMPATHETIC division and PARASYMPATHETIC division
Sympathetic NS vs. Parasympathetic NS - CORRECT ANSWER Sympathetic (fight or
flight) =>activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and/or
emergencies
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) => operates during normal situations, permits
digestion, and conserves energy
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
- Cell bodies = cell bodies in CNS
- Tracts = collection of nerve axons in the CNS
Parts of the neuron - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Cell body => synthesizes all nerve
products; manufacturers neurotransmitters; contains NO CENTRIOLES (bc no mitosis)
,2) Axon => conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to axon terminals; contain NO
rough ER
3) Dendrites => RECEIVING end of impulses
3 types of neurons - CORRECT ANSWER 1) SENSORY neurons => Afferent,
UNIpolar, carry info from PNS to CNS
2) MOTOR neurons => Efferent, MULTIpolar, send messages from CNS to PNS
3) INTERNEURONS => ONLY in CNS; MULTIpolar, transmit impulses within different
parts of the CNS
Multipolar neuron vs. Bipolar neuron vs. Unipolar neuron - CORRECT ANSWER
MULTIPOLAR = 1 axon + many dendrites
BIPOLAR = 2 extensions from central body
- found within SPECIAL receptor cells in visual and olfactory systems
UNIPOLAR = 1 extension off cell body that BRANCHES into 2:
1) central running to CNS
2) peripheral running to sensory receptors
neuroglia cells - CORRECT ANSWER support cells for neurons
ganglia - CORRECT ANSWER Collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWER type of neuroglial cell that coats sections of
axon in a fatty layer = MYELIN SHEATH to provide insulation and increase speed of
nerve impulses
satellite cells - CORRECT ANSWER surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, helping to
regulate the cell body environment
axonal regeneration - CORRECT ANSWER nerves themselves cannot regenerate,
BUT axons in the PNS can regrow under certain conditions
- Schwann cells grow ahead of axons, creating a path for the axon to follow as it grows
Types of neutoglial cells in the CNS - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Ependymal cells =>
circulate CSF to allow fluid exchange
2) Ogliodendrocytes => insulation for CNS axons
3) Astrocytes => control chemical environment by wrapping around capillaries,
establishing the selective BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
, 4) Microglial cells => protect CNS by scavenging dead cells and microorganisms
self-propagation - CORRECT ANSWER ion channels are prompted to open when
membrane potential decreases (DEPOLARIZES) regardless => ALL-OR-NOTHING
process
- INTENSITY of signal = # of neurons stimulated and the frequency of stimulation
What occurs at the synapse? - CORRECT ANSWER ELECTRICAL > CHEMICAL >
ELECTRICAL
- neurotransmitters allow signal to jump synaptic gap
1) Voltage-gated Ca+ channels OPEN
2) Ca+ rushing INTO cell, causing VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS to FUSE
WITH MEMBRANE
3) Vesicles release NEUROTRANSMITTERS into synaptic space, where they bind to
extracellular receptors on postsynaptic neuron
- short distance and time prevents continuous stimulation via INHIBITION
4) This binding causes Na+ channels to OPEN on the next neuron, causing
DEPOLARIZATION
5) This depolarization propagates the impulse forward to next target (in ONE
DIRECTION)
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - CORRECT ANSWER The
neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles
at the end of axon terminals.
A patient's left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during
surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why or why
not? - CORRECT ANSWER Yes; Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of the
axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of the
axon.
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Impulse reaches muscle
fiber at NMJ, ACETYLCHOLINE is release into synapse
2) Acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fiber, causing Na+ channels to OPEN
3) Na+ rushes INTO MUSCLE CELL, triggering an action potential at the
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
4) Ca+ ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing muscle contraction
